A Biblical same-gender love story..

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Aaron Lindahl

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(I realize that it seems an oxymoron since it's in the Bible. However, more and more churches now know this to be true. Since this particular translation had to be as detailed and comprehensive as possible to withstand the disbelief of those who will attempt to deny its truth... it's fairly long... so it's intended only for those who have the comprehension level, interest, or patience, to read it) ('Strong' refers to Strong's lexicon which is used by theologians around the world for accurate Hebrew translations.. 'OT' of course refers to Old Testament, 'NKJV' stands for New King James Version and 'NRSV' refers to New Revised Standard Version')


In the early material on David (1 Sam 16-17), three times the narrator calls attention to David's beauty – more times in the Bible than in any other case.


First, the prophet Samuel notes that David "was ruddy [admoni, Strong #132], and had beautiful eyes [yapheh 'ayinim, #3303, #5869], and was handsome [to behold, tob ro'i, #2896, #7210]." (16:12, NRSV) Then, when a young court servant recommends David to Saul, he describes him (among other things) as "a handsome [to'ar, #8389] person" (16:18, NKJV). Finally, the giant notes that David, his opponent, was "a youth, ruddy [admoni] and good-looking [yapheh mar'eh, #3303, #4758]" (17:42, NKJV).


Here, the common language used throughout the OT to describe beauty is found again, including yapheh and tob ("beautiful, handsome" in both cases), along with to'ar and mar'eh ("[in] figure or shape"). However, new words in the David descriptions include ro'i (#7210, "a … sight [to behold]) and admoni and 'ayinim, translated as "ruddy" and "eyes" respectively in the NRSV.


Jonathan's intense love and attraction to David:


Not surprisingly, after making such an emphasis about David's good looks, the reader begins to find responses to this in the text. For example, in 1 Sam 18:1 we read, "Now when he [David] had finished speaking to Saul, the soul [nephesh] of Jonathan was knit to the soul [nephesh] of David, and Jonathan loved [aheb, #157] him as his own soul [nephesh]." Then (v. 3), "Jonathan and David made a covenant, because he [Jonathan] loved [ahaba, #160] him as his own soul." Later, when the two make a second covenant, we are told (20:17) that "Jonathan again caused David to vow, because he [Jonathan] loved [ahaba, #160] him; for he loved [ahaba, #160] him as he loved [aheb, #157] his own soul." (NKJV, underlining added) In addition to this, we are told in 19:1 that Jonathan "delighted [kaphes, #2654] greatly" in David" (NKJV).


So, in response to three references to David's beauty, there appear three references describing Jonathan's love for him – two of them twice using the verb "love" and the third using the related verb "delights [in]." Strong's lexicon notes that the aheb (#157) means "to have affection for (sexually or otherwise)," along with the related terms oheb (#159) and ahaba (#160), the last a feminine form. The male and female forms of "love" (verb and noun) appear to be used interchangeably in Scripture, e.g. in Song of Songs 2:4-5, the beloved [girl] says, "He [King Solomon] brought me to the banqueting house, and his intention toward me was love [#160]. Sustain me with raisins, refresh me with apples; for I am faint with love [#160]." (NRSV)


The Bible records three spiritual unions that Jonathan and David made together. The first covenant was made very shortly after they met. In 1 Sam 18:3-4 (NRSV), we read: "Then Jonathan made a covenant with David, because he loved him as his own soul [NIV: 'as himself,' nephesh]. Jonathan stripped himself of the robe that he was wearing, and gave it to David, and his armor [NIV, REB: 'tunic'], and even his sword and his bow and his belt." The preceding verses relate how after David had finished speaking with Saul, "the soul [nephesh] of Jonathan was bound [qashar] to the soul [nephesh] of David, and Jonathan loved [aheb] him as his own soul" (v. 1); and after this, Saul would not let David return home (v. 2). The emphasis here clearly is on the intense love Jonathan felt for David, expressed through the combined and repeated use of "loved," "bound [to]" (this used only once), and nephesh, which indicates the extent of Jonathan's love (as compelling as the love and interest one has toward oneself).


Jonathan's intense attraction to David appears in the narrative like a bolt out of the blue: spontaneous, intense, and earth-shattering for him. He expresses this love then by the giving to David all of the clothes he was wearing and all of the weapons he was carrying, the significance of which represented the entire "giving away [of] one's own self,".. i.e. the giving of his whole heart and self to David.


The second covenant was made near the end of their time together in Gibeah and is recorded in 1 Sam 20:16-17 (NRSV): "Thus Jonathan made a covenant with the house of David, saying, 'May the Lord seek out the enemies of David.' Jonathan made David swear again, by his love for him; for he loved him as he loved his own life." (1 Sam 20:16-17, NRSV)


20:42 (NRSV) records, "Then Jonathan said to David, 'Go in peace, since both of us have sworn in the name of the Lord, saying, 'The Lord will be between me and you, and between my descendents and your descendents, forever.'" The repetition of aheb/ahaba ("love/loved") and of nephesh ("as [much as] his own life") in 20:17 is a very clear emphasis on this pact having strongly homoeroticized elements as well as political elements.


The third covenant was probably made several years later and is noted in 1 Sam 23:18 (NRSV): "Then the two of them made a covenant before the Lord…" the pact made in 23:18 is not merely "a simple extension or re-confirmation of the [earlier] pact" described in 1 Sam 20, for the later pact looks deeper into the future and "lays down the work distribution and relationship which is the center of everything." The third pact is understood as a "fresh, bilateral covenant defining their new relationship." In fact, each of the three pacts, while containing a common core of expressed love and commitment, seems to differ from what was pledged before, and so advances in content and adds detail to their relationship.


Just as three times our attention is directed to David's beauty (16:12,18; 17:42), so also three times we are told that Jonathan "loved" David (18:1,3; 20:17). Even though there are different forms of the word 'love' in Hebrew, the exact same Hebrew word aheb ("loved/fallen in love"), used in 18:1 referring to Jonathan, appears also in 18:20 referring to the princess Michal, where it has been rendered as "Michal had fallen in love with David", or "…fell in love with David" Such a reading is bolstered by 19:1 which relates how Jonathan continued to take "great delight [kaphes] in David" (NRSV), since kaphes almost always appears in OT passages concerned with sexual desire and erotic love.


This interpretation is further bolstered by comparing the Jonathan and David relationship to that of Shechem and Dinah in Gen 34, where the Hevite prince falls madly in love with Jacob's daughter (underexpressed in the Hebrew, as usual, with "was drawn to," v. 3, NRSV). Here we have exactly the same language as appears in 1 Sam 18:1,3 and 19:1, used in Hebrew to describe erotic passion which has led to sexual union – including "loved" (aheb), "heart" (nephesh) and "delighted [in]" (kephes) (34:3,8,19, NRSV), as well as the idea of "longs [for]" (kasaph, v. 8; J. Green: "bound [to]"), although 1 Sam 18:1 uses a different verb for this (qashar).


In 1 Sam 18, Jonathan and David lived together in the capital city a number of months, perhaps up to a year, as David masters the arts of sword and bow (Jonathan at his side), gains real-life experience on the battlefield, and leads Israel's army to many glorious victories (18:16,27,30; 9:8). However, in chs. 19-20 time rapidly speeds up. As Saul's jealousy and rage toward David intensify, he hides his murderous attempts from Jonathan, while David's life becomes one of terror, trying to keep one step ahead of Saul and his henchmen.


Then, at a New Moon festival celebrated at court, Saul asked Jonathan why David was absent; and the prince explained that David had asked leave to join his family for an annual sacrifice in Bethlehem (20:6,27-29). "Then Saul's anger was kindled against Jonathan. He said to him, 'You son of a perverse, rebellious woman! Do I not know that you have chosen [bachar] the son of Jesse to your own shame [bosheth], and to the shame [bosheth] of your mother's nakedness ['erwa]? For as long as the son of Jesse lives upon the earth, neither you nor your kingdom shall be established. Now send and bring him to me, for he shall surely die.'" (1 Sam 20:30-31, NRSV). Then the enraged king hurled his spear straight at Jonathan, who jumped and fled in anger from the king's table, realizing, at last, what a dangerous and deadly position David was in related to his father.


Although the first part of Saul's insult has usually been translated like "You son of a perverse, rebellious woman!" (18:30a, NRSV, cf. NIV, NRSV), the Hebrew is quite vulgar and would be more accurately rendered as, "You son of a slu.!" or "You son of a bi...!" Interestingly, Lucian's version of the Greek Septuagint adds gunaikotraphe ("effeminate man") here (Driver), an idea which Chrysostom reiterates (ca. 400); so the original Hebrew conveyed something of this element as well.


Then, the second part of this insult reads, "Do I not know that you have chosen [bachar] the son of Jesse to your own shame [bosheth]…" (18:30b, NRSV). Instead of the verb bachar (Strong, #977) in the Hebrew, meaning "to choose."


The importance of the third part of this insult, which reads "…and to the shame [bosheth] of your mother's nakedness ['erwa]" (18:30c, NRSV), cannot be denied. This final phrase is loaded, in fact, with sexual terminology, including 'erwa ("nakedness"), most often used in the OT to refer to the genitals and the repeated bosheth ("shame"), which is almost always used in a sexual context.


One really has to ask, what was Jonathan doing – nakedly, sexually and shamefully (to his father at least) – to receive such an insult as this? In fact, the language throughout 20:30 is so extremely sexually-charged it goes well beyond rationality to believe that we are not meant to interpret it in sexual ways.

[SIZE=10pt]Starting from the crux of the argument at 1 Samuel 18:21, Saul tells David, that by marrying Saul's daughter Michal, David will be his son-in-law for the second time. The actual translation of this phrase is somewhat controversial, being literally translated "You will become my son-in-law through two." In this instance, the correct interpretation of this verse is crucial, because it radically shapes our view of David and Jonathan's relationship, since Scripture only indicates that David had any kind of relationship with two of Saul's children: Jonathan and Michal.[/SIZE] [SIZE=10pt]Some translations interpret this verse as meaning that Saul "said for the second time," or that David has a "second opportunity" to become Saul's son-in-law.[/SIZE]


[SIZE=10pt]These interpretations, however, are awkward and strained; the Hebrew does not easily lend itself to mean either of these. Most standard translations clearly interpret the verse to mean that David will become Saul's son-in-law for the second time (NIV being the primary exception, and the RSV is ambiguous): [/SIZE]

ASV: Wherefore Saul said to David, Thou shalt this day be my son-in-law a second time.

RSV: Therefore Saul said to David a second time, "You shall now be my son-in-law."

BBE: So Saul said to David, Today you are to become my son-in-law for the second time.

DBY: And Saul said to David, Thou shalt this day be my son-in-law a second time.

YLT: Saul saith unto David, `By the second -- thou dost become my son-in-law to-day.'

NAS: Therefore Saul said to David, "For a second time you may be my son-in-law today."


In the first chapter of 2 Samuel, the author tells us that after Saul and Jonathan were killed in battle, David tore his clothes and fasted, a sign of deep mourning. He wept and wrote a song, which he ordered all the people of Judah to sing. In that song, he included these words, which are:


"Saul and Jonathan, beloved and lovely!
In life and in death they were not divided;
they were swifter than eagles,
they were stronger than lions.
How the mighty have fallen in the midst of battle!
Jonathan lies slain upon your high places.
I am distressed for you my brother Jonathan;
Greatly beloved were you to me;
your love to me was wonderful, passing the love of women."


(2 Samuel 1:23, 26-27)

Here it is in black and white. David states the love he shared with Jonathan was greater than what he had experienced with women. Have you ever heard a heterosexual man say he loved his male friend more than his wife? This goes well beyond deep friendship between two heterosexual men.

For those who will bend over backwards in an attempt to say it was only a 'friendship', I'd like them to share how many well-known examples they can provide of heterosexual male 'friends' who upon meeting each other for the first time, has one making a declaration of love for the other one, making 3 sacred covenants of 'love', devotion and spiritual union with each other over the course of time... disrobing completely and giving their clothes, weapons, and heart to their friend in the form of a covenant... having the father of one friend insult his son in an explicitly sexual manner over their relationship, and while also having one friend state that his love for him "surpasses the love he has for any woman."

By that reasoning... there should be hundreds of similar detailed, explicit, and well-known heterosexual examples readily available for someone to contribute... except, there aren't any.
 

truthquest

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1 Sam. 1: And it came to pass, when he had made an end of speaking unto Saul, that the soul of Jonathan was knit with the soul of David, and Jonathan loved him as his own soul. 2 And Saul took him that day, and would let him go no more home to his father's house. 3 Then Jonathan and David made a covenant, because he loved him as his own soul. 4 And Jonathan stripped himself of the robe that was upon him, and gave it to David, and his garments, even to his sword, and to his bow, and to his girdle.

Adam Clarke’s Commentary says: Presents of clothes or rich robes, in token of respect and friendship, are frequent in the East. And how frequently arms and clothing were presented by warriors to each other in token of friendship, may be seen in Homer and other ancient writers.
Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown Commentary
To receive any part of the dress which had been worn by a sovereign, or Iris oldest son and heir, is deemed in the East the highest honour which can be conferred on a subject. The girdle, being connected with the sword and the bow, may be considered as being part of the military dress, and great value is attached to it in the East.
Keil & Delitzsch Commentary on the Old Testament
As a sign and pledge of his friendship, Jonathan gave David his clothes and his armour. Meil, the upper coat or cloak. Maddim is probably the armour coat.. This is implied in the word wª`ad (OT:5704), which is repeated three times, and by which the different arms were attached more closely to madaayw (OT:4055). For the act itself, compare the exchange of armour made by Glaucus and Diomedes (Hom. Il. vi. 230). This seems to have been a common custom in very ancient times, as we meet with it also among the early Celts (see Macpherson’s Ossian).
1 Samuel 18:3-5 actually describes a covenant of brotherhood between Jonathan and David, as Jonathan pays high tribute to the man who just killed Goliath and had earned the right to wear the armor. Jonathan seals the covenant by awarding David with his own complete set of clothing as a token of that covenant - even his sword.

2Sam 1:24 Ye daughters of Israel, weep over Saul, who clothed you in scarlet, with other delights, who put on ornaments of gold upon your apparel. 2Sam 1:25 How are the mighty fallen in the midst of the battle! O Jonathan, thou wast slain in thine high places. 2Sam 1:26 I am distressed for thee, my brother Jonathan: very pleasant hast thou been unto me: thy love to me was wonderful, passing the love of women. 2Sam 1:27 How are the mighty fallen, and the weapons of war perished.
Two Hebrew words are used here to describe the emotion of love in these passages. The first is ‘ahab (aw-hab’) or ‘aheb (aw-habe’), and it can definitely be used to describe a sexual relationship between a man and a wife. The second word is ‘ahabah (a-hab-aw), and this two can be used to describe a similar marital love. But in the 247 times that these words are used to describe love in the Old Testament, far less than 20% of the time are they actually used to describe the love between two sexual partners. Far more often, (over 4 to 1) the words are used to describe the love between friends or between God and his creation.
Genesis 27:8-9Now therefore, my son, listen to me as I command you. Go now to the flock and bring me two choice kids from there, that I may prepare them as a savory dish for your father, such as he loves.
Genesis 37:3Now Israel loved Joseph more than all his sons, because he was the son of his old age; and he made him a varicolored tunic.
Deuteronomy 11:1You shall therefore love the LORD your God, and always keep His charge, His statutes, His ordinances, and His commandments.
1 Samuel 18:16But all Israel and Judah loved David, and he went out and came in before them.
1 Kings 10:9Blessed be the LORD your God who delighted in you to set you on the throne of Israel; because the LORD loved Israel forever, therefore He made you king, to do justice and righteousness.”
Jeremiah 31:3The LORD appeared to him from afar, saying, “I have loved you with an everlasting love; Therefore I have drawn you with lovingkindness.”
Micah 6:8He has told you, O man, what is good; and what does the LORD require of you but to do justice, to love kindness, and to walk humbly with your God?

1 Samuel 18:17,21Then Saul said to David, “Here is my older daughter Merab; I will give her to you as a wife, only be a valiant man for me and fight the Lord’s battles.”… And Saul thought, “I will give her to him that she may become a snare to him, and that the hand of the Philistines may be against him.” Therefore Saul said to David, “For a second time you may be my son-in-law today.”
In Biblical times, the moment a woman was ‘betrothed’ to a man (pledged or promised to be married to him), she was considered married to him, even though she was not yet formally united to the man in a ceremony. For this reason, a woman who was betrothed to someone and slept with another man was considered to be an adulteress! ...If a woman wanted to break a betrothal, something similar to a divorce would have to occur.
Deuteronomy 22:23-24 If there is a girl who is a virgin engaged to a man, and another man finds her in the city and lies with her, then you shall bring them both out to the gate of that city and you shall stone them to death; the girl, because she did not cry out in the city, and the man, because he has violated his neighbor’s wife. Thus you shall purge the evil from among you.
Matthew 1:19-20 Because Joseph her husband was a righteous man and did not want to expose her to public disgrace, he had in mind to divorce her quietly. But after he had considered this, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream and said, “Joseph son of David, do not be afraid to take Mary home as your wife, because what is conceived in her is from the Holy Spirit.”

1 Samuel 17:22-25 Then David left his baggage in the care of the baggage keeper, and ran to the battle line and entered in order to greet his brothers. As he was talking with them, behold, the champion, the Philistine from Gath named Goliath, was coming up from the army of the Philistines, and he spoke these same words; and David heard them. When all the men of Israel saw the man, they fled from him and were greatly afraid. And the men of Israel said, “Have you seen this man who is coming up? Surely he is coming up to defy Israel. And it will be that the king will enrich the man who kills him with great riches and will give him his daughter and make his father’s house free in Israel.”
1 Samuel 18:17-21 Then Saul said to David, “Here is my older daughter Merab; I will give her to you as a wife, only be a valiant man for me and fight the Lord’s battles.” For Saul thought, “My hand shall not be against him, but let the hand of the Philistines be against him.” But David said to Saul, “Who am I, and what is my life or my father’s family in Israel, that I should be the king’s son-in-law?” So it came about at the time when Merab, Saul’s daughter, should have been given to David, that she was given to Adriel the Meholathite for a wife. Now Michal, Saul’s daughter, loved David. When they told Saul, the thing was agreeable to him. And Saul thought, “I will give her to him that she may become a snare to him, and that the hand of the Philistines may be against him.” Therefore Saul said to David, “For a second time you may be my son-in-law today.”

This is the key to the comment that Saul makes in verse 21. Although Saul had already betrothed his daughter to David as a result of his killing of Goliath, Saul conveniently ignored this betrothal when he instead promised Merab to Adriel the Meholathite!
Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown Commentary
Saul said to David, Behold my elder daughter Merab, her will I give thee to wife –Though bound to this already [1 Samuel 17:25], he had found it convenient to forget his former promise. He now holds it out as a new offer, which would tempt David to give additional proofs of his valor. But the fickle and perfidious monarch broke his pledge at the time when the marriage was on the eve of being celebrated, and bestowed Merab on another man; an indignity as well as a wrong, which was calculated deeply to wound the feelings and provoke the resentment of David. Perhaps it was intended to do so, that advantage might be taken of his indiscretion. But David was preserved from this snare.
Now Saul’s comment in verse 21 makes sense. Saul had betrothed Merab to David twice. Once when he defeated Goliath and once here in the passages that precede verse 21.

Jonathan had a son. 2Sam. 9:1 Then David said, “Is there yet anyone left of the house of Saul, that I may show him kindness for Jonathan’s sake?” 2Now there was a servant of the house of Saul whose name was Ziba, and they called him to David; and the king said to him, “Are you Ziba?” And he said, “I am your servant.” 3The king said, “Is there not yet anyone of the house of Saul to whom I may show the kindness of God?” And Ziba said to the king, “There is still a son of Jonathan who is crippled in both feet.” 4So the king said to him, “Where is he?” And Ziba said to the king, “Behold, he is in the house of Machir the son of Ammiel in Lo-debar.” 5Then King David sent and brought him from the house of Machir the son of Ammiel, from Lo-debar. 6Mephibosheth, the son of Jonathan the son of Saul, came to David and fell on his face and prostrated himself. And David said, “Mephibosheth.” And he said, “Here is your servant!” 7David said to him, “Do not fear, for I will surely show kindness to you for the sake of your father Jonathan, and will restore to you all the land of your grandfather Saul; and you shall eat at my table regularly.” 8Again he prostrated himself and said, “What is your servant, that you should regard a dead dog like me?”
He was living in charge of a nurse, possibly because his mother was dead.

Mephibosheth (מְפִיבֹשֶׁת, Məp̄îḇṓšeṯ, Mefivoshet) or Merib-baal (מְרִיב־בַּעַל, Mərîḇ-Báʻal, Meriv-Ba'al) is a person in the Hebrew Bible. He was the son of Jonathan, and grandson of Saul (2 Sam. 4:4). He was five years old when his father and grandfather fell in the Battle of Mount Gilboa. Hearing of this calamity, his nurse fled with him from Gibeah, the royal residence. She dropped him while they fled, and he became disabled. He was carried to the land of Gilead, where he found refuge in the house of Machir, son of Ammiel, at Lo-debar, by whom he was reared.

Prov. 18:24 There are friends who are friends, and there is a friend that is closer than a brother.
 

HammerStone

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I find it anachronistic to paint our views of society back upon the period of time encompassing King Saul and later King David.This theory fails to acknowledge that feminie language and imagery was used of both God himself and Jesus at times, and it did not necessarily mean there was romance or even femininity as we would view it, rather it captures a deep relationship and/or God's fully unfathomable attributes. It's the same for masculine imagery. Obviously God chose to address himself in that role, but if we just limit God to being manly, it's a disservice, even with honest intention. He is God, he created men.

There is no doubt that Jonathan and David shared a close relationship. Honestly were they alive today, the rumors would be there and I think there would indeed be much ambivalence about the status of the relationship.

However, this is not the first time that this hypothesis was advanced. There are only a few hints of eros and you've pretty much covered them all. It makes for an interesting story, but even if you could ever prove it, it still would not necessarily condone the practice if David were to have such a relationship. David did a number of things that were not viewed positively.

I for one don't see enough here to say that he did, and I think this is one of those things where you can read what you desire into the text, but that does not necessarily make it true.

Once upon a time men could hold a close relationship and it not be thought erotic. For instance, you are talking about a society where a promise/convenant was sealed with a very intimate gesture that most of us would consider homoerotic today. You're also talking about a society where a trusted friend may be the difference between death and life. If anything, we should be reading the sacrifice of Jesus into Jonathan at this point, which is what the author(s) were doing with the story of David.

In addition to this, I have to disagree with your reading of Saul's insult of David. This slur was more likely the result of David being the illegitimate son of Jesse through an adulterous relationship. There is a reason that when Samuel anoints David, he is the forgotten child. Even with his status as youngest, David was almost completely forgotten by the family, implying that he was not on the same level of any of Jesse's other sons. There are further hints of this in the Psalms and it would be the very same charge ultimately leveled at the Messiah. (It would also explain his relationship to Solomon a bit more...)

This would be the more likely scenario, which would be scandalous in its own right for the era.
 
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rockytopva

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I the Lord search the heart, I try the reins, even to give every man according to his ways, and according to the fruit of his doings. -Jeremiah 17:10
If therefore ye have not been faithful in the unrighteous mammon, who will commit to your trust the true riches? - Luke 16:11

God tests the heart to find out how much trust he can put in an individual.

1. Abraham - Passed his test when asked to sacrifice his son Isaac
2. David - Flunked his test when confronted with Bathsheeba

Lest there be any fornicator, or profane person, as Esau, who for one morsel of meat sold his birthright. = Hebrews 12:16

Fooling around sexual sins is the quickest way of selling and loosing out with God. David would have recieved a blessing equivellent to that of Abrahams had he passed the test with Bathsheeba.

As far as men... There are no records of David marrying men. Jonathan and David were close friends, but there are no scriptual references to homosexuality.
 
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Aaron Lindahl

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Hi HammerStone, I understand where you're coming from, but here is yet another Biblical same-gender love story to consider:

In the entire Bible, there are only two books named after women. One is Esther, which tells the story of a Jewish woman who becomes Queen of Persia and saves her people from destruction by "coming out" as Jewish to her husband, the king. The other is Ruth, which tells the story of two women who love and support one another through difficult times. Both books contain powerful messages for gay, lesbian, and bisexual people, but it is the story of Ruth that addresses the question we raised in chapter one: Can two people of the same sex live in committed, loving relationship with the blessing of God?

At the beginning of the book of Ruth, we're introduced to Naomi and her husband Elimelech. They are from Bethlehem, where a terrible famine has made it impossible to find food. So, they take their two sons and move to Moab, a foreign land where they believe they'll be able to survive. Unfortunately, Elimelech dies shortly after arriving in Moab. Several years pass, and Naomi's sons marry Ruth and Orpah, two women from the surrounding country. But before they can have children, the sons also die. Naomi, Ruth, and Orpah are left alone with no husbands and no sons.

Note: For examples, see the stories of widows who came to Elijah and Elisha for help (1 Kings 17:10-24 and 2 Kings 4:1-37), and the story of the woman from Tekoa who confronted David (2 Samuel 14:4-12). Also, in Genesis 38, Judah tells his daughter-in-law Tamar to return to her father's house, because her husband has died, illustrating the two possibilities available to a woman.

To understand the full impact of what happened, we need to put ourselves in the mindset of the time. When this story was written, women had only two acceptable places in society: They could be a daughter in their father's household or a wife in their husband's household. A woman without a man had no social standing. There are several stories in the Old Testament about widows who almost starved to death, because they had no man to take care of them. (See note 1.) The constant biblical command to "look after widows and orphans" stems from the understanding that widows were among the most vulnerable people in society.

This context makes the next scene almost unbelievable. Naomi, grieving and recognizing her fate as a widow, decides to return to Bethlehem where her father's family is, and where she hopes to find food. She counsels her daughters-in-law to do the same — to return to their own families. She knows she can't offer them any support as a woman, and she fears she'll only be a burden. Orpah, sensibly, returns home.

But Ruth cannot bear to do so. Her feelings run too deep. The Hebrew word used in Ruth 1:14 to describe those feelings is quite telling. The text says, "Ruth clung to [Naomi]." The Hebrew word for "clung" is "dabaq." This is precisely the same Hebrew word used in Genesis 2:24 to describe how Adam felt toward Eve.

You probably remember the story of Adam and Eve, as recorded in Genesis 2. After God creates Adam, he is terribly lonely. None of the animals God has created -- magnificent as they are -- can meet Adam's deep need for companionship. So God puts Adam into a deep sleep, takes a rib from his side, and creates Eve. When Eve is presented to Adam, he exclaims, "This at last is bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh . . . !" Finally, Adam had a human companion.

The next verse in the text then draws an important theological conclusion from Adam's experience. It says that, for this reason (i.e., the need for companionship), a man should leave his father and mother when he grows up and "cling" ("dabaq") to his wife. (Genesis 2:24) And, of course, for the vast majority of human beings, that is God's will for them -- for a man and woman to leave their parents' home and form a relationship with each other that is so close, so intimate, that they can be described as "clinging" to one another.

But what about people who aren't heterosexual? Is it possible for them, with God's blessing, to form that type of intimate relationship with someone of their own gender?

The Holy Spirit answers that question definitively in Ruth 1:14. There the Scriptures say -- without apology, embarrassment, or qualification -- that Ruth felt the same way toward Naomi as spouses are supposed to feel toward each other. Far from being condemned, Ruth's feelings are celebrated.

In fact, so as to remove any doubt about how Ruth felt toward Naomi, the Scriptures go on to record the details of the vow that Ruth made to Naomi. Here are her words:

"Do not press me to leave you or to turn back from following you! Where you go, I will go; where you lodge I will lodge; your people shall be my people, and your God my God. Where you die, I will die — there will I be buried. May the Lord do thus and so to me, and more as well, if even death parts me from you!" (Ruth 1:16-17)

When Ruth spoke those haunting words, "Where you die, I will die — there will I be buried," she wasn't talking about some theoretical distant future.She was giving voice to the very real possibility that her decision to place her life in the hands of another woman could result in death. The sensible thing would have been to allow Naomi to return to her family and for Ruth to return to hers. But Ruth didn't do the sensible thing. She threw caution to the wind and went against every survival instinct. Only one word could explain her actions — love.

After this speech, spoken in the first chapter, the story moves on to tell of Ruth and Naomi's life together. The focus is on the quality of their relationship. The biblical storyteller chronicles how Ruth cared for Naomi by taking the only job available to a husbandless woman, gleaning. When the author tells of Ruth's eventual marriage to a much older man, the marriage is portrayed as one of convenience, contrived to help Ruth and Naomi survive the harsh conditions of widowhood. No mention is made of Ruth's love for her husband. And, when Ruth finally bears a son from her marriage, the text focuses on Naomi and her reaction to the great news, not on the father. In fact, the women of the village (and the author) ignore the father entirely, saying, "A son has been born to Naomi." (Ruth 4:17) They remind her that Ruth "who loves you, is more to you than seven sons." (Ruth 4:15)

Everyone seems to understand that, for Ruth and Naomi, their most important relationship is the one they share.

Here then is the story the Bible tells: Ruth felt toward Naomi as Adam felt toward Eve; she gave up everything so she could be with Naomi; she put her own life at risk, so she could spend it caring for Naomi; and, even after she married a man, her most important relationship remained the one she shared with Naomi. These actions and emotions are difficult, almost impossible, to explain as mere friendship. If we set aside our preconceptions of what is possible in the Bible, the book of Ruth is definitely a story of two women who are very much in love.

Instinctively, and perhaps unwittingly, Christians throughout the centuries have acknowledged the validity of this interpretation. The vow Ruth makes to Naomi (quoted above) has been read at Christian weddings for centuries because it so perfectly captures the essence of the love that should exist between spouses. It seems more than a little inconsistent to use these words to define and celebrate spousal love, but then adamantly insist that those who originally spoke the words did not love each other like spouses.
 

Born_Again

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Okay, this is last thing I'm saying on either of these topics strictly because your argumenets are your interpretations "see, it could mean.....". Its like I said before, sprcipture being bent to meet and justify. There is nothing solid here, at all. You are not preaching scripture, you are simply trying to show us how you feel we can bend the word of God to make it acceptable. That is ludacris!!!! I was once an athiest and have never been shocked more than I am now!
 

Aaron Lindahl

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Hi Born_Again,

It is not just myself who realizes this truth. These are the many entire denominations consisting of thousands of churches, and millions of Christians, who agree with what I share with you concerning this subject.

North America

• Affirming Pentecostal Church International
• Anointed Affirming Independent Ministries
• Anthem Phoenix & Family of Churches
• Association of Welcoming and Affirming Baptists
• Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)
• Community of Christ
• Ecclesia Gnostica
• Ecumenical Catholic Church
• Ecumenical Catholic Communion
• Episcopal Church (United States)
• Evangelical Anglican Church In America
• Evangelical Lutheran Church in America
• Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada
• The Evangelical Network
• Friends General Conference
• Friends of Jesus Fellowship
• Global Alliance of Affirming Apostolic Pentecostals
• Inclusive Orthodox Church
• Metropolitan Community Church
• Old Catholic Church
• Presbyterian Church (USA)
• Progressive Christian Alliance
• Reformed Anglican Catholic Church
• Restoration Church of Jesus Christ (Salt Lake City, Utah, USA) — a Latter Day Saint denomination
• United Church of Christ
• United Church of Canada
• Unity Church

Europe

• German Lutheran, reformed and united churches in Evangelical Church in Germany
• German, Swiss, Austrian and Dutch Old Catholic Church
• Austria, Belgium, Netherlands, Poland, Ecumenical Catholic Communion
• Swiss reformed churches in Swiss Reformed Church
• Protestant Church in the Netherlands
• Church of Denmark
• Church of Norway
• Church of Sweden
• Church of Iceland
• United Protestant Church in Belgium
• Portugal - Affirming Pentecostal Church International
• British Quakers
• Wales - Affirming Pentecostal Church International
• Albania - Affirming Pentecostal Church International
• Evangelical Lutheran Church in Italy (CELI)
• Poland - Christian United Church in Poland
• United Kingdom - United Ecumenical Catholic Church

Central and South America

• Brazil - Affirming Pentecostal Church International
• Colombia - Affirming Pentecostal Church International

Australia

• Baptist Affirming
• Uniting Church in Australia
• Anglican
• Metropolitan Community Churches
• Ecumenical Catholic Communion
• Pentecostal Reformed
 

Born_Again

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Ummm, I am Presbyterian and uh, no. I was raised Lutheran and um no. But like I said. i'm done discussing this.

Have a Great day.
 

rockytopva

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But they that will be rich fall into temptation and a snare, and into many foolish and hurtful lusts, which drown men in destruction and perdition. - 1 Timothy 6:9

Homosexuality in my opinion is on equal terms with premarital sex, adultery, and fornication. All are displeasing to God and we must do what we can to avoid them. I am also not into putting people down for this sin or that. But I do believe that it is our business to warn people away from such deeds.