Numbers 17 does not say that Moses went into the holy of holies. What it says is that Moses was commanded to place the rods in the tent of meeting. This was the sanctuary that contained the alter of incense, the table of show bread, and the candlestick. The tent of meeting is always distinct from the holy of holies and separated by the second veil.
4“You shall then deposit them in the tent of meeting in front of the testimony, where I meet with you." Placing them "
in front of the testimony" would indicate they were placed before the second veil.
My belief has always been that no one but the High Priest was allowed in the Most Holy, but of recent I have wavered a bit from this with respects to Moses as the text under examination can be interpreted as implying that it was Moses himself who entered the Most Holy to place the rods before the Ark of the Testimony.
“
And the Lord spoke to Moses,
saying: “Speak to the children of Israel, and get from them a rod from each father’s house, all their leaders according to their fathers’ houses—twelve rods. Write each man’s name on his rod. And you shall write Aaron’s name on the rod of Levi. For there shall be one rod for the head of each father’s house. Then you shall place them in the tabernacle of meeting before the Testimony (that is the Ark of the Testimony which was located in the Most Holy, See
Exod 26:34)
, where I meet with you. And it shall be that the rod of the man whom I choose will blossom; thus I will rid myself of the complaints of the children of Israel, which they make against you.”
So Moses spoke to the children of Israel, and each of their leaders gave him a rod apiece, for each leader according to their fathers’ houses, twelve rods; and the rod of Aaron was among their rods. And Moses placed the rods before the Lord in the tabernacle of witness.
Now it came to pass on the next day that Moses went into the tabernacle of witness, and behold, the rod of Aaron, of the house of Levi, had sprouted and put forth buds, had produced blossoms and yielded ripe almonds. Then Moses brought out all the rods from before the Lord to all the children of Israel; and they looked, and each man took his rod.”
This of course can be interpreted another way (which is probably the true intent), when the Lord states to Moses saying, “
Then you shall place them in the tabernacle ….” He was implying that as the leader of this people you will have the High Priest go into the Most Holy and place the rods before the Lord, and then on the next day go back in and retrieve them and bring them out before the people.
Note,
Verse 10, “
And the Lord said to Moses, “Bring Aaron’s rod back before the Testimony, to be kept as a sign against the rebels, that you may put their complaints away from Me, lest they die.”
Compare this with
Heb 9:2-5
“
For a tabernacle was prepared: the first part, in which was the lampstand, the table, and the showbread, which is called the sanctuary (the holy place);
and behind the second veil, the part of the tabernacle which is called the Holiest of All (or Most Holy),
which had the golden censer and the ark of the covenant overlaid on all sides with gold, in which were the golden pot that had the manna, Aaron’s rod that budded, and the tablets of the covenant; and above it were the cherubim of glory overshadowing the mercy seat. Of these things we cannot now speak in detail.”