brothermike.. by way of not so much a defense of savedbygrace's methodology, but in general a defense of sovereign grace etc... the question of "so then how can we tell who the elect are...?" types of questions go.. the answer from that perspective is simply that it is not important for us to ask... in other words, from a sovereign grace, election, predestination perspective, it is not our business to try and figure out who the elect are or aren't... that is God's business... but what we are supposed to do is to preach the gospel to all the world knowing that God will sometimes use us as the very instruments by which He will call His elect unto Himself, where He will use the preaching/teaching of the Holy Word of God, or perhaps a hymn or song, etc to regenerate someone's heart, giving them the faith to believe and to be saved... doing, as Ezekiel so beautifully illustrates, taking out their heart of stone and putting in a heart of flesh so that they may be able to walk in God's ways....secondly preaching to someone who is of the non-elect is not without it's purpose... just as we knew that God would harden Pharaoh's heart, yet Moses time and time again came and preached God's word, the word of God did not go out without accomplishing exactly what it was supposed to accomplish... in the case of Pharaoh or others like him, the purpose is to further harden...Rom 9:13-23 ESV As it is written, "Jacob I loved, but Esau I hated." (14) What shall we say then? Is there injustice on God's part? By no means! (15) For he says to Moses, "I will have mercy on whom I have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I have compassion." (16) So then it depends not on human will or exertion, but on God, who has mercy. (17) For the Scripture says to Pharaoh, "For this very purpose I have raised you up, that I might show my power in you, and that my name might be proclaimed in all the earth." (18) So then he has mercy on whomever he wills, and he hardens whomever he wills. (19) You will say to me then, "Why does he still find fault? For who can resist his will?" (20) But who are you, O man, to answer back to God? Will what is molded say to its molder, "Why have you made me like this?" (21) Has the potter no right over the clay, to make out of the same lump one vessel for honored use and another for dishonorable use? (22) What if God, desiring to show his wrath and to make known his power, has endured with much patience vessels of wrath prepared for destruction, (23) in order to make known the riches of his glory for vessels of mercy, which he has prepared beforehand for glory--"a larger point here is that all evangelical/conservative Christians agree that God, from eternity past, knows exactly who the company of heaven is comprised of... He knows exactly who will be saved and who won't, and when someone comes to Him for salvation, this is never a surprise to Him... does anyone on earth know who will eventually be saved and who won't? no, of course not... so you preach to everyone knowing that you can't know who will eventually be saved and who won't... but as far as the fact that some will be saved and some won't goes, and that God, being omniscient knows exactly who those people will be... the issue is the same for both those who affirm sovereign grace/predestination to salvation etc, versus those who are of the free will or Arminian persuasion.... the number of the saved is definite in God's mind, and can't be changed for this would imply that God is not perfect, that He is ignorant, that He can be surprised etc... so there is really no use in asking who will eventually one day be saved and who won't from either perspective, for on the one hand God knows those who are His regardless of what you believe about predestination etc, and on the other since we can't know who those people are we must just bow our heads in obedience to the command to preach the gospel..hope this helps... not that you agree with the position of sovereign grace per se... but that you know, from within that perspective the answer to your objection... that it really can't be an objection against sovereign grace for if it was, the same objection would apply to Arminians as well as Augustinians since in both cases both sets of believers affirm God's exhaustive foreknowledge and, no matter what your beliefs are about election, we will all be preaching to some who are lost and who will never come to God for salvation. blessings,ken