More Astonishing Bible Proof - (Warning -Athiests- This Is Adult Sensitive Material)?

http://en.wikipedia....isolar_calendar
A lunisolar calendar is a calendar in many cultures whose date indicates both the moon phase and the time of the solar year. If the solar year is defined as a tropical year then a lunisolar calendar will give an indication of the season; if it is taken as a sidereal year then the calendar will predict the constellation near which the full moon may occur. The Hebrew, Buddhist, Hellenic, Hindu lunisolar, Burmese, Tibetan, Chinese, Vietnamese, Mongolian, and Korean calendars are all lunisolar.

http://en.wikipedia....Hebrew_calendar
The Hebrew calendar (הלוח העברי ha'luach ha'ivri), or Jewish calendar, is a lunisolar calendar used today predominantly for Jewish religious observances. It determines the dates for Jewish holidays and the appropriate public reading of Torah portions, yahrzeits (dates to commemorate the death of a relative), and daily Psalm reading, among many ceremonial uses. In Israel, it is an official calendar for civil purposes and provides a time frame for agriculture.

Because of the roughly eleven-day difference between twelve lunar months and one solar year, the length of the Hebrew calendar year varies in a repeating 19-year Metonic cycle of 235 lunar months, with an intercalary lunar month added according to defined rules every two or three years, for a total of 7 times per 19 years. Seasonal references in the Hebrew calendar reflect its development in the region east of the Mediterranean and the times and climate of the Northern Hemisphere. The Hebrew calendar year is longer by about 6 minutes and 25+25/57 seconds than the present-day mean solar year, so that every 224 years, the Hebrew calendar will fall a full day behind the modern solar year, and about every 231 years it will fall a full day behind the Gregorian calendar year.

http://en.wikipedia....i/Metonic_cycle
In astronomy and calendar studies, the Metonic cycle or Enneadecaeteris (from Greek words for nineteen years) is a period of very close to 19 years which is remarkable for being very nearly a common multiple of the tropical year and the synodic (lunar) month. The Greek astronomer Meton of Athens observed that a period of 19 tropical years is almost exactly equal to 235 synodic months, and rounded to full days counts 6940 days. The difference between the two periods (of 19 tropical years and 235 synodic months) is only 2 hours ... To keep a 12-month lunar year in pace with the solar year, an intercalary 13th month would have to be added on seven occasions during the nineteen-year period. Meton introduced a formula for intercalation in circa 432 BC ... Traditionally (in the ancient Attic and Babylonian lunisolar calendars, as well as in the Hebrew calendar), the years 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 19 are the long (13-month) years of the Metonic cycle. This cycle can be used to predict eclipses, forms the basis of the Greek and Hebrew calendars ... The Chaldean astronomer Kidinnu (4th century BC) knew of the 19-year cycle, but the Babylonians may have learned of it earlier. They measured the moon's motion against the stars, so the 235:19 relation may originally have referred to sidereal years, instead of tropical years as it has been used in various calendars ... The Runic calendar is a perpetual calendar based on the 19-year-long Metonic cycle. Also known as a Rune staff or Runic Almanac, it appears to have been a medieval Swedish invention. The calendar does not rely on knowledge of the length of the tropical year or of the occurrence of leap years. It is set at the beginning of each year by observing the first full moon after the winter solstice.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saros_cycle
The saros is an eclipse cycle with a period of 223 synodic months (approximately 6585.3213 days, or nearly 18 years 11 1/3 days), that can be used to predict eclipses of the Sun and Moon. One saros after an eclipse, the Sun, Earth, and Moon return to approximately the same relative geometry, and a nearly identical eclipse will occur. The earliest discovered historical record of the saros is by the Chaldeans (ancient Babylonian astronomers) in the last several centuries BC, and was later known to Hipparchus, Pliny and Ptolemy, but under different names. The Sumerian/Babylonian word "šár" was one of the ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement and as a number appears to have had a value of 3600

Will Celestial Near Earth Object{s} bring Terrestrial woes?
http://www.universet...e-june-27-2011/
http://www.staradver.../124470544.html

Neat, yes ... I've mentioned Rohl a few times, Fomenko is a bit of a stretch though. Thanx for the Info! Welcome to CBF!.

http://www.oldtestam...tem=4&variant=0
Egyptian Dynasties - First, Second and Third Intermediate Period respectively. The early dynastic period - dynasties 1 and 2. The Old Kingdom consists of dynasties 3-6, the 1st Intermediate Period dynasties span 7 to part-way through 11, the Middle Kingdom is the remainder of dynasties 11 and all of 12, the 2nd Intermediate Period (Hyksos) dynasties are 13-17, the New Kingdom (Armana) dynasties are 18-20 and the 3rd Intermediate Period dynasties are 21-26. It will be noted that the differences between the conventional and New Chronologies are not only of overall position but also of duration - for example in the New Chronology the 2nd Intermediate Period (Hyksos) is longer than the 3rd Intermediate Period..

All "Metal Ages" are taken with reference to events in Egypt for convenience, and the dates are approximate and representative of typical opinion, rather than exact. The Early Bronze Age ends with the start of the Old Kingdom. Middle Bronze I matches the 1st Intermediate Period and most of the Middle Kingdom. Middle Bronze II spans from the end of the Middle Kingdom to the close of the 2nd Intermediate Period (Hyksos). The Late Bronze matches the New Kingdom, and the Iron Age enters with the 20th dynasty, towards the end of the New Kingdom. Within these broad bands, finer divisions are also used in varying ways by different authors. The Early Bronze I is often taken to match Naqada, The Early Bronze II Dynasty 1 and part of Dynasty 2. The exact way Middle Bronze I and II are divided differs, though Middle Bronze IIC matches the Greater Hyksos period. The Larte Bronze II runs from the expulsion of the Hyksos to the accession of Amenhotep III (sometimes divided into A and B at Thutmose III's attack on Megiddo). The Larte Bronze IIA spans the Amarna period to the accession of Horemheb, and The Larte Bronze IIB the 19th dynasty.

http://en.wikipedia....ynasty_of_Egypt
The Pharaohs of the 19th dynasty ruled for approximately one hundred and ten years: from ca 1298 to 1187 BC [ to the Trojan War ]. The Nineteenth Dynasty of ancient Egypt was one of the periods of the Egyptian New Kingdom. Founded by Vizier Ramesses I, whom Pharaoh Horemheb chose as his successor to the throne, this dynasty is best known for its military conquests in Palestine, Lebanon, and Syria. The warrior kings of the early 18th Dynasty had encountered only little resistance from neighbouring kingdoms, allowing them to expand their realm of influence easily. The situation had changed radically towards the end of the 18th Dynasty. The Hittites gradually extended their influence into Syria and Palestine to become a major power in international politics, a power that both Seti I and his son Ramesses II would need to deal with.

http://commons.wikim...rld_2000_BC.svg
World 2000 BC.svg The World in 2000 BCE
YELLOW hunter-gatherers
PURPLE nomadic pastoralists
GREEN simple farming societies
ORANGE complex farming societies/chiefdoms
BLUE state societies
WHITE [virtually] uninhabited
"*" Red outline indicates areas of bronze working, c. 2000 BCE.

http://commons.wikim...ld_1000_BCE.png
World 1000 BCE.png The World in 1000 BCE
YELLOW hunter-gatherers
PURPLE nomadic pastoralists
GREEN simple farming societies
ORANGE complex farming societies/chiefdoms
BLUE state societies
WHITE [virtually] uninhabited
"*" Pink outline indicates area of bronze working, c. 1000 BCE.
"*" Red outline indicates area of iron working, c. 1000 BCE.

They do forget Britain, Punic, Iberian & Cornwall connection for Bronze [and Halstat for Iron], as well as Gog Magog Downs, but good maps. Advanced cultures through East Mediterranean up into Germany 2000 BC.

http://en.wikipedia....istory_of_Dutch
Map of the Pre-Roman Iron Age culture(s) associated with Proto-Germanic, ca 500 BC-50 BC. The area south of Scandinavia is the Jastorf culture.
http://en.wikipedia....ICEXPANSION.GIF

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans
The area of modern-day Germany in the European Iron Age was divided into the (Celtic) La Tène horizon in Southern Germany and the (Germanic) Jastorf culture in Northern Germany.

http://en.wikipedia....ermanic_peoples
http://en.wikipedia...._Bronze_Age.png
http://en.wikipedia....ge_Germanic.png

http://en.wikipedia....opean_languages
# 2500 BC–2000 BC: The breakup into the proto-languages of the attested dialects is complete. Proto-Greek is spoken in the Balkans, Proto-Indo-Iranian north of the Caspian in the emerging Andronovo culture. The Bronze Age reaches Central Europe with the Beaker culture, likely composed of various Centum dialects. The Tarim mummies possibly correspond to proto-Tocharians.
# 2000 BC–1500 BC: Catacomb culture north of the Black Sea. The chariot is invented, leading to the split and rapid spread of Iranian and Indo-Aryan from the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex over much of Central Asia, Northern India, Iran and Eastern Anatolia. Proto-Anatolian is split into Hittite and Luwian. The pre-Proto-Celtic Unetice culture has an active metal industry (Nebra skydisk).
# 1500 BC–1000 BC: The Nordic Bronze Age develops pre-Proto-Germanic, and the (pre)-Proto-Celtic Urnfield and Hallstatt cultures emerge in Central Europe, introducing the Iron Age. Migration of the Proto-Italic speakers into the Italian peninsula (Bagnolo stele). Redaction of the Rigveda and rise of the Vedic civilization in the Punjab. The Mycenaean civilization gives way to the Greek Dark Ages.
# 1000 BC–500 BC: The Celtic languages spread over Central and Western Europe. Baltic languages are spoken in a huge area from present-day Poland to the Ural Mountains. Proto Germanic.

http://en.wikipedia....Unetice_culture
The Únětice culture is the name given to an early Bronze Age culture, preceded by the Beaker culture and followed by the Tumulus culture. It was named after finds at site in Únětice, northwest of Prague. It is focused around the Czech Republic, southern and central Germany, and western Poland. It grew out of beaker roots. It is dated from 2300-1600 BC (Bronze A1 and A2 in the chronological schema of Paul Reinecke).

A1: 2300-1950 BC: triangular daggers, flat axes, stone wrist-guards, flint arrowheads
A2: 1950-1700 BC: daggers with metal hilt, flanged axes, halberds, pins with perforated spherical heads, solid bracelets.

The Famous Nebra Sky Disk has been attributed to the Únětice culture because of copper daggers that were supposedly associated with the find.

The Únětice culture had trade links with the British Wessex culture. Unetice metalsmiths mainly used pure copper; alloys of copper with arsenic, antimony and tin to produce bronze became common only in the succeeding periods. The cemetery of Singen is an exception, it contained some daggers with a high tin-content (up to 9%). They may have been produced in Brittany, where a few rich graves have been found in this period. Irish tin was widely traded as well, a golden lunula of Irish design has been found as far south as Butzbach in Hessen (Germany). Amber was traded as well, but small fossil deposits may have been used as well as Baltic amber.

Settlements include so called "pile dwellings", for example the Siedlung Forschner in the Federsee. The wood of the palisade has been dendro-dated to 1767-1759 BC. Houses measured up to 8 by 4 meters. In Southern Germany, two-aisled longhouses of up to 50m length and 5 m width were used.

It is thought that many allied cultures in the region were part of a general Unetice tradition. Cultures of the Unetice complex include Adlerberg, Straubing, Singen, the Neckar- Ries and Upper-Rhine-group in Germany, Unterwölbling in Austria, Hatvan and Nagyrév in Hungary, Nitra and Kost'any in Slovakia and Trzciniec in Poland. In adjacent areas of Northern Germany, the Netherlands and Poland, late Neolithic traditions (giant beakers) were still dominant, in Scandinavia, late corded ware was still produced. The distribution of the Unetice-groups in Germany consists of several isolated areas. But the finds indicate that they are interconnected, with a gradual change from the west, with influences of the older part of the French Rhône-culture to the east, where the finds are very similar to the Austrian Unterwölbling-group.

http://en.wikipedia..../Runic_alphabet
http://en.wikipedia....eltic_languages

http://en.wikipedia....eltic_languages
Lepontic (7th to 4th century BC) was spoken on the southern side of the Alps. Lepontic is generally considered an early dialect of Gaulish, and Galatian may be a late one as well. It is evidenced in a number of inscriptions as well as place names.

Even though Breton is spoken in continental Europe, and has been since at least the 6th century AD, it is not considered one of the Continental Celtic languages. It is a Brythonic language closely related to Welsh and Cornish, although it has been suggested that there is a Gaulish substratum in the Vannetais dialect (Galliou and Jones 1991). François Falc'hun considered Breton as a descendant of Gaulish, but the historical and linguistic evidence shows otherwise.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogham
There are two main schools of thought among scholars as to the motivation for the creation of ogham. Scholars such as Carney and MacNeill have suggested that ogham was first created as a cryptic alphabet, designed by the Irish so as not to be understood by those with a knowledge of the Latin alphabet. With this school of thought, it is asserted that the alphabet was created by Irish scholars or druids for political, military or religious reasons to provide a secret means of communication in opposition to the authorities of Roman Britain.

The second main school of thought, put forward by scholars such as McManus, is that ogham was invented by the first Christian communities in early Ireland, out of a desire to have a unique alphabet for writing short messages and inscriptions in the Irish language. The argument is that the sounds of Primitive Irish were regarded as difficult to transcribe into the Latin alphabet, so the invention of a separate alphabet was deemed appropriate.

http://www.coasttocoastam.com/
Author and researcher L.A. Marzulli discussed his latest research on biblical prophecy that suggests to him that the recent increase in global turmoil, calamities, and earth changes are the birth pangs of the apocalypse. The month of April had the deadliest weather in American history, and along with the Fukushima earthquake in March and various other events (see list), Marzulli has concluded that we are in an unprecedented period. First hour guest, writer Tad Friend spoke about near-earth asteroids and efforts to shield Earth from their impacts.
http://www.coasttoco...show/2011/06/28

http://lamarzulli.wo...iness-as-usual/
May 21: Volcano eruption in Iceland forces Barack Obama to cut his trip short.
May 21: Rising ocean temperatures in Florida
May 22: A tornado leaves a seven-mile path of destruction through Joplin, Missouri. It is reported as the single deadliest tornado since record keeping started 60 years ago. Over 120 have been reported dead; some sources put the report at over 140. The Christian Science Monitor reports that over the next three days, the same storm ripped through Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Kansas.
May 24: Flood in Thailand killes 27. Cholera outbreak in Sudan kills at least 500
May 25: Thousands of dead snails wash ashore in Bangladesh.
May 26: Earthquake in Indonesia kills thousands
May 28: Mystery disease kills 300 sheep within an hour.
May 28: New strain of E. Coli discovered in Scotland
May 30: A tornado in Michigan knocked out the power for thousands. 115 volcanic earthquakes were reported on the Taal volcano in the Philippines.
May 31: Volcano in Central Java spews poisonous gas
June 1: 6.3 earthquake in Chile. A tornado in Massachusetts leaves a trail of destruction visible from space. Eight mysterious dog deaths have been reported in Yorkshire; they collapsed minutes after walking around a popular rural footpath. Russia’s Kamchatka volcano spits ash as high as 9 km..
June 1: Australia’s HIV infection rate rises.. Outbreak of deadly fish disease in England.
June 3: 6.2 earthquake reported off the coast of Japan. Popocatepetl volcano in Mexico shot ash 2 miles above the crater.
June 4: A volcano in Chile erupted for the first time in half a century; it could be seen all the way from space. The huge ash cloud disrupted airline travel, as volcano ash can damage plane engines, and dozens of flights were grounded.
June 5: A 6.3 earthquake was reported west of Macquarie Island. 800 tons of dead, rotting fish in Phillipine farms were reported.
June 7: 600 dead penguins washed up on the shores of Uruguay.
June 7: Bird flu outbreak in China
June 8: Second tornado was reported in Maine. 5.3 earthquake in China. Schools of dead fish floating in a lagoon in Morovo.. 5.5 earthquake in Russia. 6.0 earthquake in Southern Peru. In a freak of nature, a tornado hit Ireland.
June 8: Tornado hits boy scout camp, kills 4 and injures 40
June 9: A rare whale was beached in Fort Pierce, Florida.
June 9: Anthrax outbreak being monitored in Kruger National Park in South Africa
June 10: The temperature of the sea in the Arabian Gulf is reported to be above normal, killing fish. Difficile outbreak in Nova Scotia has 49 hospital-acquired cases. E. Coli has sickened thousands and killed dozens in Germany, Russia has blocked all imports from there. A rare fungal infection is attacking the tornado victims of Joplin Missouri. 39 people have been sickened with salmonella in 14 different states.
June 10: Polio outbreak in Namibia kills 7 adults and paralyzes 33 others
June 11: The river is boiling in Chile because of the volcano. It is reported that the Kilauea volcano in Hawaii might overflow.Thousands of dead fish have been found floating in the Atlantic–with their heads and other parts chopped off.
June 12: A long dormant volcano in Eritrea erupts after a series of earthquakes and sent ash 13.5 km into the air. Hillary Clinton cut her visit to Africa short due to the ash. There was a 5.0 earthquake in Honshu, Japan. A cholera outbreak in Nigeria has killed 30 and has 200 hospitalized.The E. Coli outbreak from Germany has spread to Thailand through imported cabbage. A 5.5earthquake hits Christchurch.
June 12: Chaotic weather in New Zealand, destructive gales and snow
June 13: A 6.2 earthquake happens in the Molucca sea. A 5.4 earthquake hit New Zealand. An aftershock of 5.5 shook Canterbury, New Zealand. An aquatic center closes because of a virus outbreak. Cattle are being tested for an STD that causes them to sporadically abort. A deadly amphibian disease has been discovered in Panama. A deadly disease has been killing trees in Indiana.A herpes outbreak has killed 12 horses. A 6.9 undersea earthquake hits Indonesia. 600 cases of lead poisoning have been reported in China. In South Korea, two cases of a mysterious lung disease have been reported; it is raising fears of a deadly, unknown virus which has already killed 3 pregnant women. A city in India has fallen prey to an unknown viral fever.
June 13: Mpraeso Secondary School in Ghana closes because of a mysterious disease that infected 60 students.

This is for my old Troy Thread
http://www.unexplained-mysteries.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=189289&st=465
I can't do the micro-history 600-400 BC of Zoraster or Buddha. But some of this seems to have Guamata, Burdjan, Bardiya TRIBE, not name like connections.

http://www.sify.com/news/everest-hero-finds-incredible-religious-treasure-trove-in-nepal-news-international-lc0oagbgjii.html
In 2008, the government of Nepal and the Department of Archaeology signed an agreement with Sky Door Foundation, to explore the caves and make an inventory. Two years later, the exploring team came across major finds in the network of caves in Mustang, a remote mountainous district in northernmost Nepal that was once part of an ancient Tibetan kingdom. In between, the space contains murals that though now fading and crumbling down are still exquisite, two immense libraries containing almost 10,000 ancient manuscripts in old Tibetan script, some of which are beautifully illuminated, and the remains of 27 people, the oldest of whom dates back to 100 years before the birth of Christ.

The manuscripts, which are being translated, are mostly about the Bon religion, one of the oldest religions in the world that grew in Tibet pre-dating Buddhism and yet showed many similarities with it, especially about the life of its founder Tonpa Shenrab. Like the Buddha, Shenrab too came from a royal family but renounced the royal life and worldly pleasures when he was 31 to seek enlightenment.

The human remains, many of which DNA analysis indicated belonged to people from northwest India, could prove a link between Zoroastrianism, born in Iran before the 6th century BC, and the ancient Tibetan practice of sky burials that still exists in Nepal and China. 'Nearly 67 percent of the bodies were de-fleshed, after which the bones were deposited inside the cave tombs. This mortuary practice could be a link between the Zoroastrian way of disposing of a dead body by offering it to the vultures in the Towers of Silence and the more stark way in the Tibetan plateau, where the bodies are chopped up and then left for the vultures and other animals.'

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6n
The history of Bön is difficult to clearly ascertain because the earliest surviving documents referring to the religion come from the 9th and 10th centuries, well after Buddhists began the suppression of indigenous beliefs and practices. Moreover, historian Per Kværne notes that "Bön" is used to describe three distinct traditions:

The pre-Buddhist religious practices of Tibetans that are "imperfectly reconstructed [yet] essentially different from Buddhism" were focused on the personage of a divine king;
A syncretic religion that arose in Tibet during the 10th and 11th centuries, with strong shamanistic and animistic traditions, that is often regarded by scholars as "an unorthodox form of Buddhism;"
A vast and amorphous body of popular beliefs including fortune telling.

Traditionally, Tönpa Shenrab Miwoche is believed to have established the Bön religion. He is traditionally held to have been born in the land of Tagzig Olmo Lung Ring, considered an axis mundi, which is traditionally identified as Mount Yung-drung Gu-tzeg ("Edifice of Nine Sauvastikas"), possibly Mount Kailash, in western Tibet. Due to the sacredness of Tagzig Olmo Lung Ring and the Mount Kailash, both the sauvastika and the number nine are of great significance and considered auspicious by the Bönpo as well as Hindus.

According to the Bönpos themselves, the Bön religion has actually gone through three distinct phases: Animistic Bön, Yungdrung or Eternal Bön, and New Bön. The first phase of Bön was grounded in animistic and shamanistic practices and corresponds to the general characterization of Bön as described by western scholars. Initiation rituals and rites closely correlate to the indigenous shamanic traditions of Siberia.

One proposition, countered by most Himalayan scholars, is that Buddhism may have arrived in Tibet by a path other than directly from northwest India. A transmission through Persia prior to the 7th century is not improbable as Alexander the Great had connected Greece with India almost a millennium earlier, resulting in a flourishing Greco-Buddhist culture in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Additionally, the 6th century Khosrau I of Persia is known to have ordered the translation of the Buddhist jataka tales into the Persian language. The Silk Road, the path by which Buddhism traveled to China in 67 CE., lies entirely to the west of Tibet and passed through the Persian city of Hamadan. Buddhist structures discovered in far western Tibet have been dated to the 3rd century CE. Bönpo stupas have also been discovered as far west as Afghanistan.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aratta
Aratta is described as follows in Sumerian literature:
It is a fabulously wealthy place full of gold, silver, lapis lazuli and other precious materials, as well as the artisans to craft them.
It is home to the goddess Inana, who transfers her allegiance from Aratta to Uruk.
It is remote and difficult to reach.
It is conquered by Enmerkar of Uruk.

Inana advises Enmerkar to carry off Aratta's "worked metal and metalsmiths and worked stone and stonemasons" and all the "moulds of Aratta will be his".

References to the early gem trade route, the "Great Khorasan Road" from the Himalayan Mountains to Mesopotamia, which ran through northern Iran. Anshan, which had not yet been located then, was assumed to be in the central Zagros mountain range. However, when Anshan was identified as Tall-i Malyan in 1973, it was found to be 600 km south-east of Uruk, far removed from any northerly routes or watercourses from Uruk, and posing the logistical improbability of getting a 27th century BC Sumerian army through 550 km of Elamite territory to wage war with Aratta. Nevertheless, there have been speculations referring to eastern Iran as well. Dr. Yousef Majidzadeh believes the Jiroft Civilization could be Aratta. By 1973, archaeologists were noting that there was no archaeological record of Aratta's existence outside of myth, and in 1978 Hansman cautions against over-speculation. Writers in other fields have continued to hypothesize Aratta locations. A "possible reflex" has been suggested in Sanskrit, mentioned in the Mahabharata and other texts; Alternatively, the name is compared with the toponym Ararat or Urartu.


http://www.cais-soas.com/CAIS/Archaeology/jiroft.htm
Iranian-born archeologist, who has been excavating at Jiroft for two years, has become increasingly convinced that the remains of this 4500-year-old city hold the key to a Bronze Age kingdom whose existence promises to rewrite at least a chapter or two of the history of the ancient Middle East. “To be able to say that Jiroft was a historic civilization, not a prehistoric one, is a great advance,” he says. “Finding writing on that seal impression brought tears to my eyes."

The discovery of the Jiroft site came by accident. In 2000, flash floods along the Halil River swept the topsoil off thousands of previously unknown tombs. Seyyed Mohammad Beheshti, deputy head of Iran’s Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization (ICHTO), asked Madjidzadeh to begin excavations because of the archeologist’s long-standing bullishness on Jiroft’s significance.

According to texts dating from around 2100 BC, Aratta was a decorated capital with a citadel whose battlements were fashioned of green lapis lazuli and its lofty towers of bright red brick. Aratta’s artistic production was so highly regarded that about 2500 BC the Sumerian king Enmerkar sent a message to the ruler of Aratta requesting that artisans and architects be dispatched to his capital, Uruk, to build a temple to honor Inanna, the goddess of fertility and war.

“When you start reconstructing actual geographical regions based on legend and mythology, you’re always in deep water,” says Abbas Alizadeh, an Iranian-born archeologist at the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. “Some scholars think Aratta is in Azerbaijan. Others say Baluchistan or the Persian Gulf. It’s a murky business.”

Yet even if Jiroft turns out not to be Aratta, it is nevertheless a pivotal clue to a better understanding of the era when writing first flourished and traders carried spices and grain, gold, lapis lazuli and ideas from the Nile to the Indus. Although not on a par with the more influential civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt and the Indus Valley, “Jiroft is obviously a very important archeological complex,” says Holly Pittman, an art historian at the University of Pennsylvania who is one of a growing number of non-Iranian scholars who are being allowed into the country.

Among the spectacular finds so far are the remains of a city nearly a mile in diameter, an unusual two-story citadel surrounded by a fortress wall 34 yards thick, and a ziggurat resembling Sumerian ones that is among the largest in the ancient world, 54 yards high and 1280 yards on each side at the base. Perhaps the most impressive discoveries have been staggering numbers of carved and decorated vases, cups, goblets and boxes made of a soft, fine-grained, durable gray-greenish stone called chlorite. Literally tens of thousands of pieces have been found, but the vast majority have been looted from their original tombs by locals.

The Jiroft artifacts are a “missing link” in understanding the Bronze Age, Madjidzadeh says, because they help explain why so many incised chlorite vessels, all with remarkably similar imagery, have turned up at widely separated ancient sites, from Mari in Syria to Nippur and Ur in Mesopotamia, Soch in Uzbekistan and the Saudi Arabian island of Tarut, north of Bahrain. Until now, the principal center of production of these vessels was a mystery. Although some of them were probably manufactured locally, the sheer volume of artifacts at Jiroft argues that the most prolific chlorite workshops of all were there.

Jiroft artisans fashioned pieces with what seems strange and enigmatic iconography. Some were encrusted with lapis lazuli from Afghanistan, carnelian from the Indus Valley, turquoise, agate and other semiprecious, imported stones. Many of the scenes on the Jiroft vessels bear a strong resemblance to the gods, beasts and plants portrayed on Sumerian statues, plaques and cylinder seals. “Jiroft leads me to imagine that Iran had a far greater influence on Mesopotamian culture than I previously thought,” observes Jean Perrot, the grand old man of Middle Eastern archeology in France.

To Carl Lamberg-Karlovsky of Harvard University, who excavated a site named Tepe Yahya some 50 mi from Jiroft in the 1970’s, what is particularly remarkable about the Jiroft finds is that so many thousands of brand-new, empty chlorite vessels were manufactured for no other apparent purpose than to be buried in tombs to honor the dead. “The fact that not a single one of them contains even a trace of oils, perfumes, foodstuffs or drugs, nor shows any other sign of use, is very curious,” he marvels.

Although very little is known of the beliefs and rituals of Jiroft’s inhabitants, Madjidzadeh is convinced that the practice of burying the dead with a relative fortune in artifacts points to a well-organized religion with a priestly class that could command the efforts of craftsmen. Since the ancient Mesopotamian epic of Gilgamesh mentions scorpion-men similar to ones carved on Jiroft’s stone vases, the archeologist also suggests that parts of the Gilgamesh narrative circulated in Jiroft and may even have had their origins there.

Chlorite - From the middle to the late third millennium BC, vases, bowls and cups made of chlorite were traded throughout the Jiroft [Zagros] area. Similar to steatite and soapstone, the mineral was valued by artisans because it was durable but soft enough to carve easily and fine-grained enough to hold carved details well. Its color ranged from jade green (from which came its Greek-derived name) to smoky gray, with some pieces nearly as black as obsidian.

Although abundant chlorite deposits are scattered across Iran and the Hajar Mountains of the United Arab Emirates, archeologists have so far uncovered ancient chlorite quarries and workshops in only two locations: at Tepe Yahya in the Kerman province of southeastern Iran and at Tarut, where some 600 intact vessels and fragments were unearthed. It is still unclear where the raw material for the chlorite objects found in Sumeria originated, and similarly, the chlorite mines at Jiroft remain elusive.

© 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Chlorite, group of green minerals of complex composition. Chlorites are hydrous iron-magnesium aluminum silicates. [Hardness 2-2.5 - maleable]

This will be my last post for a while, I need to run down game resources, objects, models and pics for my historic simulation.

Tengratic Sun God like parallels in Nordic-Scando Raven banners-flags
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven_banner
http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/xn_raven.html
http://www.vikinganswerlady.com/banners.shtml
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huginn_and_Muninn

It bore a resemblance to ornately carved "weather-vanes" used aboard Viking longships. Scholars conjecture that the raven flag was a symbol of Odin, who was often depicted accompanied by two ravens named Huginn and Muninn. (memory 0r thought & mind) Odin is often referred to as "raven-god". This is also connected with fylgja and the hamingja. (fate & fortune or luck) The Normans are also depricted on the Bayeaux tapestry as having bore them ... A triangular banner appearing to depict a bird (possibly a raven) appears on coins minted by Olaf Cuaran around 924.[24] The coins feature a roughly right isosceles triangular standard, with the two equilateral sides situated at the top and staff, respectively. Along the hypotenuse are a series of five tabs or tassels. The staff is topped by what appears to be a cross; this may indicate a fusion of Norse pagan and Christian symbolism.

Burghe & Caister castles (Castor & Pollux?). East Anglia trade between frisia and rhine river kingdoms. etc ...

This Is Appendix 131 From The Companion Bible. The Synonymous Words for "Hell", etc.

"Hell" is the English rendering of two different Greek words in the New Testament.
The English word is from the Anglo-Saxon hel, [the] Genitive case helle = a hidden place, from the Anglo-Saxon helan = to hide.

[ Example - http://athena523.tri...om/teutonic.htm ]
Balder seems to be a Solar Deity, and is usually referred to as "the Good God", or "the Bright One". FATE: To be slain unintentionally by Hoder, at the behest and plot of Loki. After Ragnarok, He accompanies Hoder out of the ruins of Hel's domain, and begins anew the rebuilding of the world.

Garm Norse The Hound of Hel, the watchdog chained to the gates of Under-Earth. The coming of Ragnarok will be signaled by His breaking the binding, allowing Him to run feral over the earth.

Ran Norse Probable consort of Aegir, She is a storm and weather Goddess who requires regular offerings of souls in the deeps of the ocean. These sea-dead reside in Her undersea hall, as something of an exception to the general Fate of Valhalla or Hel for mortals.

Hel Norse Daughter of Loki, ruler of Under-Earth, the Realm of Hel, and Queen of the dead (except for the heroes and valiant ones who have a place with Oðinn at Valhalla).

Loki Norse A complex and controversial figure, Loki seems to represent the force of chaos. His actions can be seen as on the one hand as mischievous, with an intent to provide the Gods with challenges and ultimately trivial difficulties; or He can be seen as wholly Evil, bent on nothing less than hastening the day of Ragnarok and the destruction of the Gods. Of somewhat ambiguous gender, He is the progenitor of a number of entities, including Fenrir, Hel, and Jormungand. After he was implicated in the slaying of Balder, the Gods lost all tolerance for him, and bound him in hideous circumstances, there to lie until Ragnarok. FATE: To be bound by the viscera of one of his own sons to a rock under dripping venom, shielded at intervals by his consort Sigyn. Breaking free at the end of Time, he will slay and be slain by Heimdall.

It is in the New Testament used as the translation of two Greek words :-
I. Gehenna. Greek geenna. This is the transliteration of the Hebrew Gai' Hinnom, that is to say the Valley of Hinnom or "the Valley" of [the sons of] Hinnom, where were the fires through which children were passed in the worship of Moloch. [They disposed of of unwanted, unloved, used, crippled, dead people and things HERE ->]

In the Old Testament Tophet was the Hebrew word used, because it was a place in this valley. In our Lord's day the idolatry had ceased, but the fires were still continually burning there for the destruction of the
refuse of Jerusalem. Hence, geenna was used for the fires of destruction associated with the judgment of God. Sometimes, "geenna of fire". Geenna occurs 12 times, and is always rendered "hell" See
2Kings 23:10.
Isaiah 30:33.
Jeremiah 7:31, 32; 19:11-14.
Matthew 5:22, 29, 30; 10:28; 18:9; 23:15, 33.
Mark 9:43, 45, 47. Luke 12:5. James 3:6. II.

Hades. Greek hades, from a (privative) and idein, to see (Appendix 133. I. i);

The Synonymous Words for "See", "Look", "Behold", etc.
This Is Appendix 133 From The Companion Bible.
The following twenty-three words are to be thus distinguished and understood :- ...
[See 13, Behold 4, Look 6]

SEE
eidon = to see: implying not the mere act of looking, but the actual perception of the object:
idou = = See ! Behold ! calling attention to something external to one's self.
ide = calling attention to something present.
oida = to know intuitively, without effort or experience; to have perceived.
blepo = the power of [sight], to use the eyes, used of the act of looking. Hence, to observe accurately and with desire.
anablepo = blepo + preposition prefixed, to look up (e.g. Mark 8:24), to look again; hence, to recover sight.
emblepo = to look in or into, fix the eyes upon, or look intently [at]. Hence, to know by inspection.
horao = to perceive with the eyes ... with special reference to the thought ... as to the object looked at.
aphorao = to look away from others at one who is regarded earnestly (e.g. Hebrews 12:2, where alone it occurs).
optanomai = to behold, and in Passive, to appear or be seen. It is a rare form of the Present, formed from horao. Occurs only in Acts 1:3.
theoreo = to be a spectator of, to gaze at, or on, as a spectacle. Our English word "theatre" is from the same root.
theaomai = differing from theoreo, [it] has regard to the object gazed upon, to the subject who gazes. Hence, with desire, or admiration.
historeo = to inquire : to interview with a person with a view to becoming personally acquainted through conversation. Occ. only in Galatians 1:18.

BEHOLD.
epeidon = upon + to look upon. It occurs only in Luke 1:25 and Acts 4:29.
epopteuo = to look over, overlook, watch, and thus be an eyewitness of. Occ. only in 1 Peter 2:12; 3:2.
anatheoreo. = to gaze on with purpose and attention. Occ. only in Acts 17:23 and Hebrews 13:7.
katanoeo = to perceive with the senses, referring to ..the conscious action of the mind in getting to see or understand.

LOOK.
anablepo = same as blepo + preposition prefixed, to look up (e.g. Mark 8:24), to look again; hence, to recover sight.
parakupto = to stoop down beside, anything in order to look at it more closely.
prosdokao = to watch for, anything, expect and thus look or wait for.
episkeptomai = to look upon, as though to select; to look out, so as to select.
atenizo = to fix the eyes intently upon.

used by the Greeks for the unseen world. The meaning which the Greeks put upon it does not concern us; nor have we anything to do with the imaginations of the heathen, or the traditions of Jews or Romanists, or the teachings of demons or evil spirits, or of any who still cling to them.

The Holy Spirit has used it as one of the "words pertaining to the earth", and in so doing has "purified" it, "as silver tried in a furnace" (see notes on Psalms 12:6). From this we learn that His own words "are pure", but words belonging to this earth have to be "purified". The Old Testament is the fountain head of the Hebrew language .?. But the case is entirely different with the Greek language.

The Hebrew Sheol is a word Divine in its origin and usage. The Greek Hades is human in its origin and comes down to us laden with centuries of development, in which it has acquired new senses, meanings, and usages. Seeing that the Holy Spirit has used it in Acts 2:27, 31 as His own equivalent of Sheol in Psalm 16:10, He has settled, once for all.

Psalms 16:8-11
¶ I have set the LORD always before me: because he is at my right hand, I shall not be moved.
Therefore my heart is glad, and my glory rejoiceth: my flesh also shall rest in hope.
For thou wilt not leave my soul in hell; neither wilt thou suffer thine Holy One to see corruption.
Thou wilt shew me the path of life: in thy presence is fulness of joy; at thy right hand there are pleasures for evermore. ¶

Acts 2:15-36
¶ But Peter, standing up with the eleven, lifted up his voice, and said unto them, Ye men of Judaea, and all ye that dwell at Jerusalem, be this known unto you, and hearken to my words:
15 For these are not drunken, as ye suppose, seeing it is but the third hour of the day.
16 But this is that which was spoken by the prophet Joel;
17 And it shall come to pass in the last days, saith God, I will pour out of my Spirit upon all flesh: and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, and your young men shall see visions, and your old men shall dream dreams:
18 And on my servants and on my handmaidens I will pour out in those days of my Spirit; and they shall prophesy:
19 And I will shew wonders in heaven above, and signs in the earth beneath; blood, and fire, and vapour of smoke:
20 The sun shall be turned into darkness, and the moon into blood, before that great and notable day of the Lord come:
21 And it shall come to pass, that whosoever shall call on the name of the Lord shall be saved.

22 Ye men of Israel, hear these words; Jesus of Nazareth, a man approved of God among you by miracles and wonders and signs, which God did by him in the midst of you, as ye yourselves also know:
23 Him, being delivered by the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God, ye have taken, and by wicked hands have crucified and slain:
24 Whom God hath raised up, having loosed the pains of death: because it was not possible that he should be holden of it.

25 For David speaketh concerning him, I foresaw the Lord always before my face, for he is on my right hand, that I should not be moved:
26 Therefore did my heart rejoice, and my tongue was glad; moreover also my flesh shall rest in hope:
27 Because thou wilt not leave my soul in hell, neither wilt thou suffer thine Holy One to see corruption.
28 Thou hast made known to me the ways of life; thou shalt make me full of joy with thy countenance.

29 Men and brethren, let me freely speak unto you of the patriarch David, that he is both dead and buried, and his sepulchre is with us unto this day.
30 Therefore being a prophet, and knowing that God had sworn with an oath to him, that of the fruit of his loins, according to the flesh, he would raise up Christ to sit on his throne;
31 He seeing this before spake of the resurrection of Christ, that his soul was not left in hell, neither his flesh did see corruption.
32 This Jesus hath God raised up, whereof we all are witnesses.
33 Therefore being by the right hand of God exalted, and having received of the Father the promise of the Holy Ghost, he hath shed forth this, which ye now see and hear.

34 For David is not ascended into the heavens: but he saith himself, The LORD said unto my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand,
35 Until I make thy foes thy footstool.
36 Therefore let all the house of Israel know assuredly, that God hath made that same Jesus, whom ye have crucified, both Lord and Christ. ¶


the sense in which we are to understand it. The meaning He has given to Sheol in Psalms 16:10 is the one meaning we are to give it wherever it occurs in the New Testament, whether we transliterate it or translate it. We have no liberty to do otherwise, and must discard everything outside the Word of God.

The word occurs eleven times (Matthew 11:23; 16:18. Luke 10:15; 16:23. Acts 2:27, 31. 1Corinthians 15:55. Revelation 1:18; 6:8; 20:13, 14); and is rendered "hell" in every passage except one, where it is rendered "grave" (1 Corinthians 15:55, margin "hell"). In the Revised Version the word is always transliterated "Hades", except in 1 Corinthians 15:55 (where "death" is substituted because of the reading, in all the texts, of thanate for hade), and in the American Revised Version also.

As Hades is the Divine Scriptural equivalent of Sheol, further light may be gained from Appendix 35, and a reference to the 65 passages there given. It may be well to note that while "Hades" is rendered "hell" in the New Testament (except once, where the rendering "the grave" could not be avoided), Sheol, its Hebrew equivalent, occurs 65 times, and is rendered "the grave" 31 times (or 54%); "hell" 31 times (4 times with margin "the grave", reducing it to 41.5%); and "pit" only 3 times (or 4.5 %).

"The grave", therefore, is obviously the best rendering, meaning the state of death (German sterbend, for which we have no English equivalent); not the act of dying, as an examination of all the occurrences of both words will show.

1. The rendering "pit" so evidently means "the grave" that it may at once be substituted for it (Numbers 16:30, 33. Job 17:16).

2. The rendering "the grave" (not "a grave", which is Hebrew keber or bor) exactly expresses the meaning of both Sheol and Hades.
For, as to direction, it is always down: as to place, it is in the earth: as to relation, it is always in contrast with the state of the living
(Deuteronomy 32:22-25 and 1 Samuel 2:6-8); as to association, it is connected with mourning (Genesis 37:34, 35),
sorrow (Genesis 42:38. 2Samuel 22:6. Psalms 18:5; 116:3),
fright and terror (Numbers 16:27, 34),
mourning (Isaiah 38:3, 10, 17, 18),
silence (Psalms 6:5; 31:17. Ecclesiastes 9:10),
no knowledge (Ecclesiastes 9:5, 6, 10),
punishment (Numbers 16:29, 34. 1Kings 2:6, 9. Job 24:19. Psalms 9:17 (Revised Version = re-turned)),
corruption (Psalms 16:10. Acts 2:27, 31);
as to duration, resurrection is the only exit from it (Psalms 16:11. Acts 2:27, 31; 13:33-37. 1 Corinthians 15:55. Revelation 1:18; 20:5, 13, 14).

III. Tartaroo (occurs only in 2Peter 2:4) = to thrust down to Tartarus, Tartarus being a Greek word, not used elsewhere, or at all in the Septuagint. Homer describes it as subterranean (compare Deuteronomy 32:22, which may refer to this). The Homeric Tartarus is the prison of the Titans, or giants (compare Hebrew Rephaim, Appendix 25), who rebelled against Zeus.


This Is Appendix 135 From The Companion Bible. Appendix List The Synonymous Words for "Love"

[BREAK]
http://en.wikipedia....gdom_of_Lindsey
The kingdom's heyday seems to have come before the historical period. By the time of the first historical records of Lindsey, it had become a subjugated polity, under the alternating control of Northumbria and Mercia. It is possible that the setback arose in the years around 500, from the opposition of the British leader known as Arthur, the second, third and fourth of whose twelve battles were fought in 'Linnuis' and whose twelfth victory held back Anglo-Saxon expansion for fifty years. See the Historia Britonum. However it may be, all trace of its individuality vanished before the Viking assault in the late ninth century. Its territories evolved into the historical English county of Lincolnshire, the northern part of which is called Lindsey.

http://en.wikipedia....ki/Winteringham
Winteringham is a village in North Lincolnshire and on the south bank of the Humber Estuary.

The Romans had a settlement here probably called Ad Abum . The Roman road Ermine Street from London and Lincoln to the south crossed the Humber here by way of a ferry or ford to Brough, and from there continued to York. The pre-Roman ridge way also resumed here, called Yarlesgate, or Earlsgate, on its route south and south-west towards the Midlands and Southwest England.

The village, and its neighbour Winterton to the south, were possibly named after the first King of Lindsey -

http://en.wikipedia....gdom_of_Lindsey
The "Anglian collection" of genealogies, created in the last years of king Offa's reign, gives the names of the ruling lineage of Lindsey. The early names will relate either to life in Angeln or to a boastful genealogy arising from gods such as Woden.

* Geot - Compare the Geats who are frequently mentioned in Beowulf's story.
* Godulf
* Finn
* Frioðulf
* Frealaf
* Woden - Compare Woden, the god.

From Winta on, the names will refer to the early leaders in Lindsey.

* Winta - Compare Winteringham (the homestead of Winta's people).
* Cretta
* Cuelgils
* Caedbaed
* Bubba
* Beda
* Biscop
* Eanferð
* Eatta
* Aldfrið

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angeln
The region was home to the Germanic people, the Angles, who, together with Saxons and Jutes, left their home to migrate to Britain in the 5th-6th centuries. For the years 449-455, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, written c. 890, describes how King Vortigern (a British tribal king) invited the Angles to come and receive land in return for helping him defend against marauding Picts. Those successful Angles sent word back that good land was available and that the British were worthless (presumably as soldiers). A wholesale emigration of Angles and kindred German peoples followed.

"...from the Angles, that is, the country which is called Anglia, and which is said, from that time, to remain desert to this day, between the provinces of the Jutes and the Saxons, are descended the East Angles, the Midland Angles, Mercians, all the race of the Northumbrians, that is, of those nations that dwell on the north side of the river Humber, and the other nations of the English." (Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation, Book I, Chapter XV, 731 A.D.)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterton,_Lincolnshire
After the conventional Woden, Winta heads the list of the kings of Lindsey. It seems fairly clear that Winteringham, which lies where the limestone upland of Lindsey comes close to the waters of the Humber, was the landing place of the dominant group of Anglish settlers in the fifth century. The mouth of the valley of the Winterton Beck is now silted but the small harbour of Winteringham Haven still exists.

This Is Appendix 135 From The Companion Bible.
Appendix List The Synonymous Words for "Love"

I. The Verb
1. agapao = to regard with favour, to make much of a thing or a person, on principle. The cause or ground of [or for] No. 2.
2. phileo = to kiss, to be fond of, having regard to feeling as distinct from principle.

The demonstration of No. 1. Hence No. 2 is never used of man's love to God : this is always No. 1. Both words are used of God's love to man.
No. 2 is used of the Lord's love for Lazarus (John 11:3, 36), but not in verse 5, where the sisters are included.
See the notes on John 21:15-17; and on John 12:25 in The Companion Bible.

John 21:15-17
when they had dined, Jesus saith to Simon Peter, Simon, son of Jonas, lovest thou Me more than these [other disciples do]?
He saith unto Him, Yea, Lord; Thou knowest that I love Thee.
He saith unto him, Feed My lambs. He saith to him again a second time, Simon, son of Jonas, lovest thou Me?
He saith unto Him, Yea, Lord; Thou knowest that I love Thee.
He saith unto him, Shepherd My sheep.

He saith unto him the third time, Simon, son of Jonas, lovest thou Me? Peter was grieved [hurt] because He said unto him the third time, Lovest thou Me? And he said unto Him, Lord, Thou knowest all things; Thou knowest that I love Thee. Jesus saith unto him, Feed My sheep.

15 Simon. Peter was always addressed by the lord as Simon except in Luke 22:34. See Ap.147.

Feed. i.e. provide pasture for. Gr.bosko. Save in this passage, always of swine. lambs. Gr.arnion, a diminutive. Only here and in the Revelation, where it occ. twenty-nine times, always of the Lord, except 13:11.

The other word for “lamb”, amnos, only in 1:29, 36. Acts 8:32. 1 Pet. 1:19.

16 Shepherd. Gr.poimaino. Occ. eleven times, transl. “rule” in Matt. 2:6. Rev. 2:27; 12:5; 19:15, &c.

II. The Noun.
1. agape. No. 2 below, was the common word used by the Greeks, for love; and even this is far lower than the New Testament philadelphia ( = love of
the brethren). Agape is spontaneous love, irrespective of "rights". The word was supposed to be peculiar to the New Testament, but it is found in
the Papyri.

John 12:24-34
Verily, verily, I say unto you, If not the seed-corn of wheat fall into the ground and die, it abideth alone: but if it die, it beareth forth much fruit.
He that loveth his life shall lose it; and he that hateth his life in this world shall preserve it unto life eternal.
If any man serve Me, let him follow Me; and where I am, there shall also My servant be: if any man serve Me, him will the Father honour.

At this moment is My soul [heart] troubled; and what shall I say? Father, save Me from this hour?:
No! It is for this cause came I unto this hour [I will say, Father glorify Thy name].
Father, glorify Thy name. Then came there a voice from heaven, saying, I have both glorified it, and will glorify it again.
The crowd therefore, that stood by, and heard it, said that it thundered: others said, An angel spake to Him.
Jesus answered and said, This voice came not on account of Me, but on account of you.
At this moment is the crisis of this world: now shall the ruler of this world [satan] be thrust outside.
And I, if I be lifted up out of the earth [land], will draw all men unto Myself.
This He said, signifying what kind of death He was about to die.

The people answered him, We heard out of the law that Messiah abideth unto the age: and how sayest Thou, The Son of man must be lifted up?
who is this Son of man? Then Jesus said to them, Yet a little while is the light among you. Walk as ye have the light, in order that darkness may not seize you: for he that walketh in darkness knoweth not whither he goeth. As ye have light, believe on the light, that ye may become the sons of light. These things spake Jesus, and departed, and was hidden away from them.

2. philanthropia = philanthropy, or love of man, which did not go beyond giving man his "rights", among the Greeks.
It is used in a far higher sense in Titus 3:4; occurs elsewhere only in Acts 28:2. Compare the Adverb philanthropos (Acts 27:3, "courteously").

III. The Adjective.
agapetos = beloved. The word used of the Lord Jesus by the Father ... A special epithet of the Saints in the Epistles.
See Matthew 3:17; 12:18; 17:5. Mark 1:11; 9:7. Luke 3:22; 9:35; and in Mark 12:6. Luke 20:13, by Himself.

Ok, I'm starting an Info Gathering Period for my up coming Game "The Lost Tribes" (RPG Tactical Stategy), which will also feature several built in or standalone modules for educational purposes such as History and Bible Quizes, Interactive Timelined Maps showing regions and kingdoms with various attributes that can be viewed by culture, language, religion, DNA types, power, influence, population, trade, etc ... More on this. Just a little bit as I go, you've missed alot, but from now on till about new years ... when I'll be mostly offline ... I'll be adding some of the more interresting info here, in bits ->

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dáire
Dáire (Dáre, Dairi, Dara, Darius) is an Old Irish name which fell out of use at an early period, remaining restricted essentially to legendary and ancestral figures. But has come back into fashion in the past 20 years.
Dáire and Cú Roí "are ultimately one and the same", and refers to him as "the god of the Otherworld"
The meaning is both sexual ("fruitful, fertile, rutty") and tumultuous ("violent"). The reconstructed form is *Dārios, cognate to the Gaulish Dari(o) ("tumult, rage"), a form widely attested on the Continent, especially in personal names.
The Darini were a population group or kingdom located by Ptolemy's 2nd century Geography in south Antrim and north Down.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darini
The Darini (manuscript variant: Darnii) were a people of ancient Ireland mentioned in Ptolemy's 2nd century Geography as living in south Antrim and north Down ... the name Dáirine was applied to the Érainn dynasty of the Corcu Loígde (as descendants of Dáire Doimthech), further suggesting a relationship between the Darini and the Iverni.

The cognate Dari(o) ("agitation, tumult, rage") is a form widely attested in the Gaulish language, especially in personal names. An example from the Welsh language is cynddaredd ("rage"). Thus the Darini may have been considered a people "of great violence", or descendants of a "God of Tumult". Over time, however, the Irish personal name Dáire would develop the meaning of "rutty" or "violently horny" ("fruitful"), apparently following a meaning of "bestial rage".

Cú Roí mac Dáire is a god or king from Munster who appears frequently in the Ulster Cycle of Irish mythology, possibly reflecting memories of the prehistoric Darini when their power was great in Ireland. The Dál Fiatach of Ulster later claimed descent from his semi-divine clan, the Clanna Dedad, further associating the two provinces—although seemingly in contradiction to their descent from the Ulaid or Voluntii proper, until it is remembered that the Darini and Voluntii lived adjacent to one another in Ptolemy's Ireland.

[Antium in Ulster, as well as other No. Ireland county's - Notice the Red Hand or Scarlet of Zerah]
http://en.wikipedia....i/County_Antrim

http://en.wikipedia....ki/Clanna_Dedad
Deda mac Sin (Deda, son of Sen) was a prehistoric king of the Érainn of Ireland, possibly of the 1st century BC. Variant forms or spellings include Dedu, Dedad, and Dega. He is the eponymous ancestor of the Clanna Dedad, and may also have been a King of Munster ... A proto-historical sept of the Clanna Dedad are known as the Dáirine, descending from Dáire mac Dedad and/or Dáire Doimthech (Sírchrechtach), and are later known as the Corcu Loígde. Alternatively this may be used synonymously, with some confusion created by their identification with the Darini of prehistoric Ulster. In any case, the Darini and Iverni are clearly related. [Could possibly also have a double meaning Dara, Zara & Hiberniu, Iberiu, Hebrew ?]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iverni
The Iverni (Greek: Iouernoi) were a people of early Ireland first mentioned in Ptolemy's 2nd century Geography as living in the extreme south-west of the island. He also locates a "city" called Ivernis (Greek: Io-uernis :Javan-) in their territory, and observes that this settlement has the same name as the island as a whole, Ivernia. These Iverni can be identified linguistically with the Érainn (Éraind, Érnai, Érna), a people attested in Munster and elsewhere in the early Middle Ages. The prehistoric Érainn royal dynasties are sometimes referred to as the Dáirine.

An early name for Dundrum, County Down, is recorded as Dún Droma Dáirine, and the name Dáirine was applied to the Corcu Loígde, further suggesting a relationship between the Darini and the Iverni.

[Dor Dorites Spartans - last wave Greeks - have similarities, Darius in Name to related to Troy, obviously after Dardanus - Ethol, Mahol, Chalcol, Solomon - Chronicles?]

http://en.wikipedia....wiki/Otherworld
Many Graeco-Roman geographers tell about the Celtic belief in islands consecrated to gods and heroes. Among them were Anglesey (Môn), located on the Northern Welsh Coast, which was the sacred island of the druids of Britain; the Scilly islands, where archaeological remains of proto-historical temples have been found; and some of the Hebrides Islands, which were, in the Gaelic tradition, home of ghosts and demons. Byzantine scholar Procopius of Caesarea described the Otherworld beliefs of the ancient Gauls. He said it was thought that the Land of Dead lay some place west of Great Britain. The Continental Celtic myths told that once the souls of the dead had left their bodies, they traveled to the Northwestern coast of Gaul and took a boat in direction to Britannia. There are still remains of those beliefs in the Breton and Galician traditions. In Brittany the name Bag an Noz is used to denote those ships who carry the dead to their goal.

The Irish believed in an Otherworld, which they described sometimes as underground, such as in the Sídhe mounds, and sometimes located on islands in the Western Sea. The Otherworld was variously called Tír na mBeo ("the Land of the Living"), Mag Mell ("Delightful Plain"), and Tír na nÓg ("Land of the Young"), among other names. It was believed to be a country where there was no sickness, old age, or death, where happiness lasted forever, and a hundred years was as one day. It was probably similar to the Elysium of the Greek mythology and both may have a shared origin in ancient Proto-Indo-European religion ... However, even in cases where the mortal manages to return to his own time and place, he is forever changed by his contact with the Otherworld.[4] However, there is nowhere in Irish mythology where it explicitly states that these paradises were actually portrayals of an afterlife; rather, that view became popular after the spread of Christianity, when an attempt was made to explain native tradition by drawing parallels with Christian teaching. The actual abode of the dead in Irish mythology was the less pleasant Tech Duinn.

The Irish tradition tells that the fairies are descendants of the Tuatha Dé Danann, an ancient folk that were driven to the Underworld by a wave of invaders, the Gaels, who came from Galicia led by chieftain Míl Espáine [Miletus Iberia West not Asia Minor from to, See Atlas ].The Tuatha had no other choice than to take refuge under the sídhe, a Celtic word which denotes the hills where the long barrows lay.

This conception of the Otherworld is also preserved in the Welsh story of Branwen, daughter of Llyr, which ends with the survivors of the great battle feasting in the presence of the severed head of Bran the Blessed, having forgotten all their suffering and sorrow, and having become unaware of the passage of time.

1 Chron 2:3-6
The sons of Judah; Er, and Onan, and Shelah: which three were born unto him of the daughter of Shua the Canaanitess. And Er, the firstborn of Judah, was evil in the sight of the LORD; and he slew him.
And Tamar his daughter in law bare him Pharez and Zerah. All the sons of Judah were five.
The sons of Pharez; Hezron, and Hamul.
And the sons of Zerah; Zimri, and Ethan, and Heman, and Calcol, and Dara: five of them in all.

1 Kings 4:29-31
And God gave Solomon wisdom and understanding exceeding much, and largeness of heart, even as the sand that is on the sea shore.
And Solomon's wisdom excelled the wisdom of all the children of the east country, and all the wisdom of Egypt.
For he was wiser than all men; than Ethan the Ezrahite, and Heman, and Chalcol, and Darda, the sons of Mahol: and his fame was in all nations round about.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjeker
The Tjeker conquered the city-state of Dor, on the coast of Canaan near modern Haifa, and turned it into a large, well-fortified city, the center of a Tjeker kingdom that is confirmed archaeologically in the northern Sharon plain; it was violently destroyed in the mid-11th century BCE, firing the mud bricks red and depositing a huge layer of ash and debris. Ephraim Stern connects the destruction with the contemporary expansion of the Phoenicians, which was checked by the Philistines further south and the Israelites. No mention of the Tjeker is made after that time, the period of archaeological and literary silence. The Tjeker are one of the few of the Sea Peoples for whom a ruler's name is recorded - in the 11th-century papyrus account of Wenamun, an Egyptian priest, the ruler of Dor is given as "Beder".

After two intermediate occupations, the earlier of which has yielded imported Cypriote ceramics as well as Phoenician wares and is followed by a well-stratified and important Phoenician presence in the early 10th century the site of Dor fell to the Israelites under David.

http://en.wikipedia....iki/King_Teucer
This article is about King Teucer, son of Scamander and Idaea, for Teucer, son of King Telamon of Salamis, see Teucer ... Before the arrival of Dardanus, the land that would come to be called Dardania (and later still the Troad) was known as Teucria and the inhabitants as Teucrians, after Teucer.

According to Virgil, Teucer was originally from Crete but left that island during a great famine with a third part of its inhabitants. They settled near the Scamander river, apparently named after Teucer's father.

Batea (also known as Batia or Arisba), King Teucer's daughter and only child, was given in marriage to Dardanus. Dardanus received land on Mount Ida from his father-in-law. There Dardanus founded the city of Dardania. After Teucer's death his kingdom was incorporated in that of Dardanus and the entire region came to be known as Dardania. Yet in later times, the people of Troy often referred to themselves as "Teucrians".

http://en.wikipedia....28Asia_minor%29
http://en.wikipedia....dos,_Hellespont
Abydos was first mentioned in the catalogue of Trojan allies (Iliad ii.836). It probably was a Thracian town, as Strabo has it, but was afterwards colonized by Milesians.

http://en.wikipedia....28Asia_minor%29
Dardania (Greek: Δαρδανία) in Greek mythology is the name of a city founded on Mount Ida by Dardanus from which also the region and the people took their name. Dardania has also been defined as "a district of the Troad, lying along the Hellespont, southwest of Abydos, and adjacent to the territory of Ilium. Its people (Dardani) appear in the Trojan War under Aeneas, in close alliance with the Trojans, with whose name their own is often interchanged.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanus
In Greek mythology, Dardanus (Greek: "burned up", from the verb (dardapto) to wear, to slay, to burn up) was a son of Zeus and Electra, daughter of Atlas, and founder of the city of Dardania on Mount Ida in the Troad. All accounts agree that Dardanus came to the Troad from Samothrace and was there welcomed by King Teucer and that Dardanus married Batea the daughter of Teucer. (Dionysius mentions that Dardanus' first wife Chryse had died.) Dardanus received land on Mount Ida from his father-in-law. There Dardanus founded the city of Dardania which became the capital of his kingdom.
http://en.wikipedia....nia_%28queen%29

The traditional account from antiquity is that Samothrace was first inhabited by Pelasgians and Carians, and later Thracians.
http://en.wikipedia....wiki/Samothrace
http://en.wikipedia....%28mythology%29
http://en.wikipedia..../Salamis_Island
http://en.wikipedia....Salamis,_Cyprus
According to tradition the founder of Salamis was Teucer, son of Telamon, who could not return home after the Trojan war because he had failed to avenge his brother Ajax.

The earliest archaeological finds go back to the eleventh century BCE (Late Bronze Age III). The copper ores of Cyprus made the island an essential node in the earliest trade networks, and Cyprus was a source of the orientalizing cultural traits of mainland Greece at the end of the Greek Dark Ages,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attica
During antiquity, the Athenians boasted of being 'autochthonic', which is to say that they were the original inhabitants of the area, and had not moved to Attica from another place. The traditions current in the classical period recounted that, during the Greek Dark ages, Attica had become the refuge of the Ionians, a tribe from the Northern Peloponnese. Supposedly, the Ionians had been forced out of their homeland by the Achaeans, who had in turn been forced out of their homeland by the Dorian invasion. Supposedly, the Ionians amalgamated with the ancient Atticans, who were afterwards considered themselves part of the Ionian tribe, and spoke the Ionian dialect. Many Ionians later departed from Attica to colonise the Aegean coast of Asia Minor, creating the twelve cities of Ionia.

http://en.wikipedia....wiki/Pelasgians
The Pelasgians first appear in the poems of Homer: those who are stated to be Pelasgians in the Iliad are among the allies of Troy. In the section known as the Catalogue of Trojans, they are mentioned between mentions of the Hellespontine cities and the Thracians of south-eastern Europe (i.e. on the Hellespontine border of Thrace).

http://en.wikipedia...._temple_complex
The identity and nature of the deities venerated at the sanctuary remains largely enigmatic, in large part because it was taboo to pronounce their names. Literary sources from antiquity refer to them under the collective name of "Cabeiri" (Greek: Kabeiroi).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy
Inscriptions of the New Kingdom of Egypt also record a nation T-R-S as one of the "Sea Peoples" who attacked Egypt during the XIX and XX Dynasties. An inscription at Deir el-Medina records a victory of Ramesses III over the Sea Peoples, including one named "Tursha". It is probably the same as the earlier "Teresh" on the stele commemorating Merneptah's victory in a Libyan campaign around 1220 BC.

These identifications were rejected by many scholars as being improbable or at least unprovable. However, Trevor Bryce championed them in his 1998 book The Kingdom of the Hittites, citing a piece of the Manapa-Tarhunda letter referring to the kingdom of Wilusa as beyond the land of the Seha River ... Recent evidence also adds weight to the theory that Wilusa is identical to archaeological Troy. The identifications of Wilusa with Troy and of the Ahhiyawa with Homer's Achaeans remain somewhat controversial but gained enough popularity during the 1990s to be considered majority opinion.

Judges 5:15-17
And the princes ... were with Deborah ... and also Barak ... and why did Dan remain in ships?

http://www.uhcg.org/...acing-dan2.html
"Why did Dan dwell in ships?" asks the prophetess Deborah ... somewhere in the period 1300-1200 B.C.E. ... The Egyptians listed these peoples as Pelest (Philistines) Sardana, (Dananu--i.e Danites), Ekwesh, Teresh ...

5 interrelated blood lines to Judah (Pharez and Zerah) and Troy.

Astyanax - [Fir]Belgae-Cimmerio-Franco-Germanic lines, also Hungarian and Guelph lines
Brutus through Aeneas - Ancient British-Scottish - later Byzantine
Solomon through Judah-Pharez-David [Irish-Scot-Norse]
Nathan through Judah-Pharez-David [Welsh-Tudor-Arthurian]
Tror [Thor] through Chalcol-Priams daughter to have married Memnon [Langfedgatal, quoted by Sharon Turner]
[Through Odin and Frea and the primary Saxon and Norman lines, with high medeval sub-lines to Welf, Wetten, Skold and Russian lines]
[As well as Anjou-Planteganent lines that cross with Belgic, French, Germanic, Austrio-Hungarian and Spanish lines]
[The Norse lines seem to cross in the East with the Huns in a few places]

Taken from the THE ILLUSTRIOUS LINEAGE OF THE HOUSE OF BRITAIN

http://www.telusplan...htm#Illustrious
http://www.kat.ph/pl...s-t1032806.html

http://www.thejourna...in-scarlet.html
In giving further proof concerning that prince of the scarlet thread, whom historians tell us was married to Tea Tephi, the Eastern princess, we know of nothing that will be so helpful, satisfactory and convincing as to give his genealogy; beginning with his fathers, Juda and Zarah, and come down from father to son until we reach him. We are able to do this, but only because Prof. Totten has faithfully scanned the pages of ancient and modern history, and as a result has compiled and given to the world the genealogy of the Zarah branch of the royal family, which was exalted to the throne when the breach was made in the line of Pharez in the days of Zedekiah.

"The term Milesian is derived from the medieval title of Gallam, the conqueror of Ireland, who was called Milesius, or the Milesian.
One hundred years ago Joseph Ben Jacob, in a work called "Precursory Proofs," said:

"Among the five equestrian orders of ancient Ireland was one called Craobh-ruadh (the Red Branch). The origin of this order was so very ancient that all attempts at explanation have hitherto failed. Some suppose that it originated from the Ulster arms, which are 'luna, a hand sinister, couped at the wrist, Mars.' But these admit it should in such case be called crobhruadh, or of the bloody hand."

This man was really proving the Hebrew and Egyptian origin of the Irish Celts, but was applying all the evidence that he found to Joseph, knowing nothing of the story of the breach in the royal family of Judah, and of the exaltation of the Scarlet Branch, who landed in the plantation of Ulster. Else he would have known where to place the meaning of that ensignum of the red, or bloody, hand "couped at the wrist" with a scarlet thread which found its way into the royal arms of Ulster.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fir_Bolg
These people arrived in Ireland in three groups, the Fir Bolg, the Fir Domnann and the Gaileanga. According to the model proposed by O'Rahilly: the Fir Bolg are linked to the historical Belgae, known from Gaul and Britain, and to the historical Builg of Munster; the Fir Domnann to the British Dumnonii; and the Gaileanga are the Laigin, who founded Leinster. According to this model, the three groups probably represent the Ivernic-speaking peoples who inhabited Ireland before the Goidelic-speaking Gaels.

http://en.wikipedia....iki/Fir_Domnann
The Fir Domnann were an ancient Irish people located in the west of Connacht, in what is now the Erris Peninsula in County Mayo. In Irish mythology they make up one third of the Fir Bolg. They are probably related to the British Dumnonii, and to the Irish Laigin.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany
The peninsula that came to be known as Brittany was a centre of ancient megalithic constructions in the Neolithic era. It has been called the "core area" of megalithic culture.

http://en.wikipedia....ory_of_Brittany
The early Bronze age culture is commonly believed to have grown out of Beaker roots, with some Wessex and Unetice influence. In the early Bronze Age, rich individual graves are found under barrows, which indicates a complete change of the social structure. The Breton barrows have been divided into two series by Cogné and Guiot, the first dating from 1900-1600 bc, the second to 1600-1400 BC.

Grave gifts include amber beads, silver cups, gold-hilted daggers (Saint Adrien), tanged flint arrowheads and stone axes. Because of these rich grave goods, J. Briard sees them as burials of warrior-priests. Certainly not everybody was buried in this way, but nothing is known of "commoner-burials", especially as bones are not normally preserved in the acidic soils of Brittany. The gold-pin decoration of the dagger hilts and the amber-beads show close connection to the Wessex-culture, but there are technical differences.

The later part of the early Bronze Age saw the beginning of the exploitation of the Armorican tin deposits. Numerous hoards contain tools and weapons, but metalwork is rarely found in burials or settlements. The square-socketed armorican axes turn up in hoards in great numbers. At Maure-de-Bretagne, over 4000 axes have been found, ca. 800 at Tréhou and Loudéac. The axes are mainly unused and may have been a form of ingot of primitive currency. They contain a high amount of lead or consist of pure lead and are distributed from the Iberian Peninsula to eastern Germany, Ireland and Southern Britain, with some pieces from Scotland, Poland and Switzerland.

The Museum of PreHistory in Carnac has large quantities of Late Bronze Age bronze and copper artifacts from the Atlantic Bronze Age culture. This culture was a maritime trading-networked culture that included Brittany and most of the rest of France, the other Celtic nations, England, Spain and Portugal. According to John T. Koch, Barry Cunliffe, Karl, Wodtko and other highly respected scholars, Celtic languages developed in the intense interactions of this culture with the Tartessian language the first written Celtic language so far discovered from this era.

During the Iron Age A variety of tribes are mentioned in Roman sources, like the Veneti, Armoricani, Osismii, Namnetes and Coriosolites. Strabo and Poseidonius describe the Armoricani as belonging to the Belgae. Armorican gold coins have been widely exported and are even found in the Rhineland.

http://en.wikipedia....essian_language
http://en.wikipedia....ory_of_Brittany
A variety of tribes are mentioned in Roman sources, like the Veneti, Armoricani, Osismii, Namnetes and Coriosolites. Strabo and Poseidonius describe the Armoricani as belonging to the Belgae. Armorican gold coins have been widely exported and are even found in the Rhineland.

http://en.wikipedia....neti_%28Gaul%29
The Veneti inhabited southern Armorica, along the Morbihan bay. They built their strongholds on coastal eminences, which were islands when the tide was in, and peninsulas when the tide was out. Their most notable city, and probably their capital, was Darioritum (now known as Gwened in Breton or Vannes in French), mentioned in Ptolemy's Geography. The Veneti built their ships of oak with large transoms fixed by iron nails of a thumb's thickness. They navigated and powered their ships through the use of leather sails. This made their ships strong, sturdy and structurally sound, capable of withstanding harsh condition of the Atlantic.

Veneti coins, 5th-1st century BCE.
http://upload.wikime...century_BCE.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumnonia
Although subjugated by about AD 78, the local population could have retained strong local control, and Dumnonia may have been self-governed under Roman rule. Geoffrey of Monmouth stated that the ruler of Dumnonia, perhaps about the period c290–c305, was Caradoc (Caractacus), who was said to have been the trusted advisor of Eudaf Hen (Octavius the Old). If not an entirely legendary figure, Caradoc would not have been a king in the true sense but may have held a powerful office within the Roman administration. It is possible that the "Caratacus Stone" on Withypool Common near Dulverton, inscribed Carataci nepus--- ("relative of Caradoc"), records one of his co-lateral descendants.

Apart from fishing and agriculture, the main economic resource of the Dumnonii was tin mining, the tin having been exported since ancient times from the port of Ictis (St Michael's Mount or Mount Batten). Tin working continued throughout Roman occupation and appears to have reached a peak during the 3rd century AD. The area maintained trade links with Gaul and the Mediterranean after the Roman withdrawal, and it is likely that tin played an important part in this trade. Post-Roman imported pottery has been excavated from many sites across the region. An apparent surge in late 5th century Mediterranean and/or Byzantine imports is yet to be explained satisfactorily.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armorica
Pliny the Elder, in his Natural History (2.17.105), claims that Armorica was the older name for Aquitania, stating Armorica's southern boundary extended to the Pyrenees. Taking into account the Gaulish origin of the name, this is perfectly correct and logical, as Aremorica is not a 'country name', but a word that describes a type of geographical region - a region that is by the sea. Pliny lists msany Celtic tribes as living in the area. [Probably also reminants, trading partners and villas like Dor]

According to C.E.V. Nixon, the collapse of Roman power and the depredations of the Visigoths led Armorica to act "like a magnet to peasants, coloni, slaves and the hard-pressed" who deserted other Roman territories, further weakening them.[10] This flux of shifting self-identification in the Early Middle Ages, characterizes the modern view, which is supplementing traditional assertions of continuity from the Iron Age.

http://en.wikipedia....ngs_of_Dumnonia
The list of Dumnonian kings is one of the hardest of the major Dark Age kingdoms to accurately compile, as it is confused by Arthurian legend, complicated by strong associations with the kings of Wales and Brittany, and obscured by the relentless Saxon advance.

EARLY CIMMERI CULTURES

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trier
According to the Gesta Treverorum, the city was founded by Trebeta, an Assyrian prince, centuries before ancient Rome. He was the son of Ninus, King of Assyria, by a wife prior to his marriage to Queen Semiramis. His stepmother, Semiramis, despised him and when she took over the kingdom after the death of his father, Ninus, Trebeta left Assyria and went to Europe. After wandering for a time, he led a group of colonizers to settle at Trier around 2000 BC.

http://en.wikipedia....Tumulus_culture
The Tumulus culture dominated Central Europe during the Middle Bronze Age (ca. 1600 BC to 1200 BC). It was the descendant of the Unetice culture. Its heartland the area previously occupied by the Unetice culture besides Bavaria and Württemberg. It was succeeded by the Late Bronze Age Urnfield culture. As the name implies, the Tumulus culture is distinguished by the practice of burying the dead beneath burial mounds (tumuli).

http://en.wikipedia....rnfield_culture
It is believed that in some areas, such as in southwestern Germany, it was in existence around 1200 BC. The Urnfield culture grew from the preceding tumulus culture. The transition is gradual, in the pottery as well as the burial rites. In some parts of Germany, cremation and inhumation existed simultaneously (facies Wölfersheim). Some graves contain a combination of tumulus-culture pottery and Urnfield swords (Kressborn, Bodenseekreis) or tumulus culture incised pottery together with early Urnfield types.

The numerous hoards of the Urnfield culture and the existence of fortified settlements (hill forts) were taken as evidence for widespread warfare and upheaval by some scholars. Written sources describe several collapses and upheavals in the Eastern Mediterranean, Anatolia and the Levant around the time of the Urnfield origins:

* end of the Mycenean culture with a conventional date of ca. 1200 BC
* destruction of Troy VI ca. 1200 BC
* Battles of Ramses III against the Sea Peoples, 1195–1190 BC
* end of the Hittite empire 1180 BC
* settlement of the Philistines in Palestine ca. 1170 BC

The so-called Dorian invasion of Greece was placed in this context as well (although more recent evidence suggests that the Dorians moved in 1100 BC into a post Mycenaean vacuum, rather than precipitating the collapse). More recently Robert Drews, after having reviewed and dismissed the migration hypothesis, has suggested that the observed cultural associations may be in fact partly explained as the result of a new kind of warfare based upon the slashing sword. Drews suggests that the political instability that this brought to centralised states based upon maryannu chariotry caused the breakdown of these polities.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryannu
Maryannu is an ancient word for the caste of chariot-mounted hereditary warrior nobility which dominated many of the societies of the Middle East during the Bronze Age. The term is attested in the Amarna letters written by Haapi. Robert Drews writes that the name 'maryannu' although plural takes the singular 'marya', which in Sanskrit means young warrior, and attaches a Hurrian suffix. (Drews. 59) He suggests that at the beginning of the Late Bronze Age most would have spoken either Hurrian or Aryan but by the end of the 14th century most of the Levant maryannu had Semitic names. Maryannu was also an alternate Egyptian name for Mitanni, where the word undoubtedly originated.

http://en.wikipedia....i/Nordwestblock
The Nordwestblock (North-West Block), is a hypothetical cultural region, that several 20th century scholars propose as a prehistoric culture, thought to be roughly bounded by the rivers Meuse, Elbe, Somme and Oise (the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, northern France and western Germany) and possibly the eastern part of England during the Bronze and Iron Ages (3rd to 1st millennia BC, up to the gradual onset of historical sources from the 1st century).

Concerning the language spoken by the Iron Age Nordwestblock population, Kuhn speculated on linguistic affinity to the Venetic language, other hypotheses connect the Northwestblock with the Raetic ("Tyrsenian") or generic Centum Indo-European (Illyrian, "Old European"). Gysseling suspected an intermediate Belgian language between Germanic and Celtic, that might have been affiliated to Italic. According to Luc van Durme, a Belgian linguist, toponymic evidence to a former Celtic presence in the Low Countries is near to utterly absent.

http://de.wikipedia....ck-Eifel-Kultur
The Hunsrück-Eifel culture is considered to be relatively uniform culture, which developed without any significant breakthroughs over several centuries. The majority of archaeologists, who assumed her involved, so that there was neither a major nor-migration of population. The carriers of the Hunsrück-Eifel culture are also documented in writing with the much later Celtic tribe of the Treveri associated. There are comparatively many burial sites and a number of settlements in the Hunsrück-Eifel culture known, it is assumed that a comparison with other regions and eras high population density. Von besondere Bedeutung sind eine ganze Reihe "Prunkgräber", die ab ca. 500 v. Chr. angelegt wurden und ihren Höhepunkt Ende ds 5. Of particular importance are a number of "ceremonial graves" that were created from about 500 BC and culminating the end of the 5th und im 4. and the 4th Jh. v. Chr. fand. Century BC found. Some of them are among the best equipped (with gold, bronze import, car, etc.) of the early graves were Latène and therefore also for the study of Celtic art styles of significance.

http://en.wikipedia....C3%A8ne_culture
Extensive contacts through trade are recognized in foreign objects deposited in elite burials; stylistic influences on La Tène material culture can be recognized in Etruscan, Italic, Greek, Dacian and Scythian sources.

http://en.wikipedia....llstatt_culture
Trade and population movements (very probably both) spread the Hallstatt cultural complex into the western Iberian peninsula, Britain, and Ireland. It is probable that some if not all of this diffusion took place in a Celtic-speaking context. Trade with Greece is attested by finds of Attic black-figure pottery in the élite graves of the late Hallstatt period. In the central Hallstatt regions toward the end of the period, very rich graves of high-status individuals under large tumuli are found near the remains of fortified hilltop settlements. They often contain chariots and horse bits or yokes as commonly used by Cimmerian knights (Eurasian nomads).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicambri
The Sicambri were a Germanic people living in what is now called the Netherlands at the turn of the first millennium. Originating in the Germanic-Celtic contact zone (cf. Nordwestblock), they had become Frankish by the 3rd century, associated with the Salians, Merovingians and Carolingians.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treveri
The name has been interpreted as referring to a "flowing river","crossing the river" or 'to cross a river', so the name Treveri could mean 'the ferrymen'. The Treveri had a special goddess of the ford called Ritona and a temple dedicated to Uorioni Deo. treuer- can be compared with the Old Irish treóir 'guiding, passage through a ford', 'place to cross a river'. The word uer/uar can be related to an indo-European word meaning 'stream', 'river', (Sanskrit var, Old Norse vari 'water').

Writing about a century after Caesar, Pomponius Mela identifies the Treveri as the "most renowned" of the Belgae. The Treveri boasted of their German origin, according to Tacitus, in order to distance themselves from "Gallic laziness" (inertia Gallorum). But Tacitus does not include them with the Vangiones, Triboci or Nemetes as "tribes unquestionably German". The presence of hall villas of the same type as found in indisputably Germanic territory in northern Germany, alongside Celtic types of villas, corroborates the idea that they were Celts with Germanic origins or affinities. The Germanic element among the Treveri probably arrived there in the 3rd or 2nd century BC.

Jerome states that as of the 4th century AD their language was similar to that of the Celts of Asia Minor (the Galatians). Jerome probably had first-hand knowledge of these Celtic languages, as he had visited both Augusta Treverorum and Galatia. Very few personal names among the Treveri are of Germanic origin; instead, they are generally Celtic or Latin.

© 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Trier is one of the oldest towns in northern Europe. It was the capital of the Celtic Treveri, from whom it took its name (ancient Augusta Treverorum). Under the Romans it was the capital of the province of Belgica and later a frequent residence of the Western emperors until it was captured in the early 5th century by the Franks.

© 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Alesia, located 30 mi northwest of the modern Dijon, France, the town is now called Alise-Sainte-Reine. The Mandubii, a Gallic people who were settled here during the Roman era. Alesia served as the last rallying point of Gallic nationalism against Roman aggression because of its geographical location and defensibility. It was here, in 52 bc, that the Gallic chieftain Vercingetorix conducted the final resistance to Julius Caesar and the Roman legions. The great siege of the town is described in Caesar's De Bello Gallico (On the Gallic War). The outcome of the revolt was the surrender of the Gauls and, according to Roman historian Florus, the burning of the town.

http://en.wikipedia....ki/Indutiomarus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiorix
http://en.wikipedia....Germania_70.svg

This isnt to mention other important artifacts such as the Nebra Sky Disk and the Trundholm Sun Chariot. [c. 1600- & 1400 BC]

"This day we rescue a world from mysticism and tyranny and usher in a future brighter than anything we can imagine" 'The 300'

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alani_map.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alans
By the beginning of the 1st century, the Alans had occupied lands in the northeast Azov Sea area, along the Don and by the 2nd century had amalgamated or joined with the Yancai of the early Chinese records to extend their control all the way along the trade routes from the Black Sea to the north of the Caspian and Aral seas. The written sources suggest that from the end of the 1st century to the second half of the 4th century the Alans had supremacy over the tribal union and created a powerful confederation of Sarmatian tribes.

From a Western point-of-view the Alans presented a serious problem for the Roman Empire, with incursions into both the Danubian and the Caucasian provinces in the 2nd and 3rd centuries. Ammianus Marcellinus considered the Alans to be the former Massagetae: "the Alani, who were formerly called the Massagetae"[13] and stated "Nearly all the Alani are men of great stature and beauty; their hair is somewhat yellow, their eyes are terribly fierce".

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_%28given_name%29
According to 19th century philologist Alexander Macbain, while the various forms of the Gaelic name may be derived from a Gaelic word meaning "rock", the forms of the names used by the Bretons and Normans (who introduced their names into Britain and Ireland) is derived from the name of the Alamanni.[3] The Alamanni were a collection of various Germanic peoples who are first recorded in the 3rd century CE in what is today south-west Germany; in the 5th century they spread into what is today north-east France and into the north of what is today Switzerland. The name of the Alamanni is derived from alamans, meaning "all the people".

Another explanation of the name is that the modern English Alan, and French Alain, are derived from the name of the Alans.[14] The Alans were an Indo-Iranian people who lived north of the Caucasus Mountains in what is today Russia,[15] and who were known to Classical writers in the 1st century CE.[14] According to historian Bernard Bachrach, the Alans setttled in parts of what is today France, including Brittany, in the Early Middle Ages. Bachrach stated that the use of forms of the name in given names, surnames, and place names, are evidence of the continued influence of the Alans on the Gaulish, Breton and Frankish peoples.

The name was brought to England by Bretons who took part in the Norman Invasion in the mid 11th century. Forms of the name were in use much earlier in what is today Brittany, France. An early figure who bore the name was St Alan, a 5th century bishop of Quimper. This saint became a cult figure in the Brittany during the Middle Ages. Another early bearer of the name was St Alan, a 6th century Cornish saint, who has a church dedicated to his memory in Cornwall (for example see St Allen, a civil parish in Cornwall named after this saint).

Today the use of the given name (and its variants) is due to its popularity among the Bretons who imported the name to England, and later to Ireland.[2][4] The Bretons formed a significant part of William, Duke of Normandy's army at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. Later many Bretons were granted lands throughout William's freshly conquered kingdom. The most notable Breton Alan, Earl of Richmond, a cadet of the ducal house of Brittany, who was awarded with a large swath of lands in England - specifically lands in what is today Lincolnshire and East Anglia. The name became popular in Scotland in part through the Stewarts.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutons
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauci
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimbri

The Marcomanni were a Germanic tribe, probably related to the Buri, Suebi or Suevi.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcomanni
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadi
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandals
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buri_%28Germanic_tribe%29
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suebi
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Germanic_kingdoms

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatians
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxolani

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatti
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Central_Europe_5th_Century.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringii
The Thuringii established an empire in the late 5th century. It reached its territorial peak in the first half of the 6th before it was conquered by the Franks in 531–532. Examination of Thuringian gravesites reveal cranial features which suggest the strong presence of Hunnic women or slaves, perhaps indicating that many Thuringians took Hunnic wives or Hunnic slaves following the collapse of the Hunnic Empire. There is also evidence from jewellery found in graves that the Thuringians sought marriages with Ostrogothic and Lombard women.

The Istvaeones, also called Istaevones, Thracones, Rhine Germans. Jacob Grimm in the book Deutsche Mythologie urged that Iscaevones was the correct form, partly because it would connect the name to an ancestor figure in Norse mythology named Ask, and partly because in Nennius where the name Mannus is corrupted as Alanus, the ancestor of the Istaevones appears as Escio or Hisicion. There the sons of this figure are, fantastically, from Frankish tradition, Francus, Romanus, Alamanus, and Bruttus, the supposed ancestors of the Franks, Latins, Germans and Britons. This seems to reflect Frankish desire to connect the Franks with the people they ruled.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istvaeones
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semnones
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irminones
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingvaeones
The Ingaevones or, as Pliny has it, apparently more accurately, Ingvaeones ("people of Yngvi"), as described in Tacitus's Germania, written c. 98 CE, were a West Germanic cultural group living along the North Sea coast in the areas of Jutland, Holstein, Frisia and the Danish islands, where they had by the 1st century BCE become further differentiated to a foreigner's eye into the Frisii, Saxons, Jutes and Angles.

The Frisii were an ancient Germanic tribe living in the low-lying region between the Zuiderzee and the River Ems. In the Germanic pre-Migration Period (ie, before c. 300 AD) the Frisii and the related Chauci, Saxons, and Angles inhabited the Continental European coast from the Zuyder Zee to south Jutland. All of these peoples shared a common material culture, and so cannot be defined archaeologically.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisii
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglii
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisiavones
A clue to the geographic location could be the order of reference by Pliny. Frisiavones are mentioned first at, in this order: Frisii, Chauci, Frisiavones, Sturii and Marsacii. In this list only the Frisii (normally read as "Frisians") and Chauci are sufficiently known form other sources. About the Marsacii there are some indications they dwelled in the south-west of the Netherlands, and they might have been close relatives to the Morini.

Tacitus could remember the Cimbri dwelling there, a tribe impossible to slip Roman memory after having been inflicted near defeat by them at 113 BC, but otherwise he seems to have considered the whole coastal area from Elbe to Sweden as interconnected and inhabited by tribes impossible to locate exactly. To mention those unknown tribes would be impossible to reconcile with the absence in that region of more important tribes known by Tacitus, like the Anglii.

http://www.boudicca.de/frisian1.htm
http://www.ensignmessage.com/frisians.html
http://www.britam.org/zebulon.html

In the compound Wednesday, the first member is cognate to the genitive Odin's. His name is related to ōðr, meaning "fury, excitation". A likely context of the diffusion of elements of Celtic ritual into Germanic culture is that of the Chatti, who lived at the Celtic-Germanic boundary in Hesse during the final centuries before the Common Era. (It should be remembered that many Indo-Europeanists hypothesize that Odin in his Proto-Germanic form was not the chief god, but that he only gradually replaced Týr during the Migration period.)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Odin
An alternative list of Odin's sons
Some manuscripts of the Skáldskaparmál give, along with other material, a list of the sons of Odin, which does not altogether fit with what Snorri writes elsewhere and so is usually thought to be a later addition. As such it is omitted from some editions and translations, but it does appear in Anthony Faulkes' translation. If not by Snorri, the list is all the more valuable in that it represents an independent tradition.

In the prologue to the Edda Snorri also mentions sons of Odin who ruled among the continental Angles and Saxons and provides information about their descendants that is identical or very close to traditions recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Snorri may here be dependent on English traditions. The sons mentioned by both Snorri and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle are:

* Vegdagr/Wægdæg/Wecta. According to Snorri Vegdeg ruled East Saxony. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle does not make it clear that Wægdæg and Wecta are identical (or perhaps it is Snorri or a source who has wrongly conflated Wecta with Wægdæg). In the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle the Wecta form of the name heads the lineage of the kings of Kent (of whom Hengest is traditionally the first) and the Wægdæg form of the name heads the lineage of the kings of Bernicia.
* Beldeg. According to Snorri's prologue Beldeg was identical to Baldur and ruled in Westphalia. There is no independent evidence of the identification of Beldeg with Baldur. From Beldeg the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle traces the kings of Deira and Wessex.

Other Anglo-Saxon genealogies mention:

* Weothulgeot or Whitlæg. According to the genealogies in the Angian collection, Weothulgeot was ancestor to the royal house of Mercia and the father of Whitlæg. According to the Historia Brittonum, Weothulgeot was father of Weaga who was father of Whitlæg. But the two Anglo-Saxon Chronicle versions of this genealogy include neither Weothulgeot nor Weaga but make Whitlæg himself the son of Woden. In all versions Whitlæg is father of Wermund father of Offa. According to the Old English poem Widsith Offa ruled over the continental Angels. Saxo, though not mentioning Whitlæg's parentage, introduces Whitlæg as a Danish king named Wiglek who was the slayer of Amleth (Hamlet).
* Casere. He was ancestor to the royal house of East Anglia.
* Winta. He was ancestor to the royal house of Lindsey/Lindisfarne. This genealogy is found only in the Anglian collection, not in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k
In the Poetic Edda poem Völuspá, references to Ragnarök

Brothers will fight and kill each other,
sisters' children will defile kinship.
It is harsh in the world, whoredom rife
—an axe age, a sword age
—shields are riven—
a wind age, a wolf age—
before the world goes headlong.
No man will have mercy on another.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francus
The 8th century Nennius' Historia Brittonum makes mention of Francus as one of the four sons of Hisicion (Francus, Romanus, Alamanus, and Brutus), grandsons of Alanus, the first man to live in Europe.

Based on the medieval legend, Jean Lemaire de Belges's Illustrations de Gaule et Singularités de Troie (1510–12) has Astyanax survive the fall of Troy and arrive in Western Europe. He changes his name to Francus and becomes king of Celtic Gaul (while, at the same time, Bavo, cousin of Priam, comes to the city of Trier) and founds the dynasty leading to Pepin and Charlemagne. He is said to have founded and named the city of Paris in honor of his uncle Paris.

Benoît de Saint-Maure, in his Chronique des ducs de Normandie, linked the Plantagenet family to Aeneas.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinovantes
The Trinovantes or Trinobantes were one of the tribes of pre-Roman Britain. Their territory was on the north side of the Thames estuary in current Essex and Suffolk, and included lands now located in Greater London. They were bordered to the north by the Iceni, and to the west by the Catuvellauni. Their name derives from the Celtic intensive prefix "tri-" and "novio" - new, so meaning "very new" in the sense of "newcomers", but possibly with an applied sense of vigorous or lively - so the name could mean "the very vigorous people". Their capital was Camulodunum (modern Colchester), one proposed site of the legendary Camelot.

The Trinovantes reappeared in history when they participated in Boudica's revolt against the Roman Empire in 60 AD. Their name was given to one of the civitates of Roman Britain, whose chief town was Caesaromagus (modern Chelmsford, Essex). The style of their rich burials (see facies of Aylesford) is of continental origin and evidence of their affiliation to the Belgic people. Their name was re-used as Trinovantum, the supposed original name of London, by Geoffrey of Monmouth in his fictitious Historia Regum Britanniae, in which he claimed the name derived from Troi-novantum or "New Troy", connecting this with the legend that Britain was founded by Brutus and other refugees from the Trojan War.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Cole
Geoffrey's largely fictional Historia Regum Britanniae expands upon Henry's brief mention, listing Coel as a King of the Britons following the reign of King Asclepiodotus. He states that, upset with Asclepiodotus's handling of the Diocletianic Persecution, Coel began a rebellion in the duchy of Caercolun (Colchester), of which he was duke. He met Asclepiodotus in battle and killed him, thus taking the kingship of Britain upon himself. Rome, apparently, was pleased that Britain had a new king and sent a senator, Constantius Chlorus, to negotiate with Coel. Afraid of the Romans, Coel met Constantius and agreed to pay tribute and submit to Roman laws as long as he was allowed to retain the kingship. Constantius agreed to these terms but, one month later, Coel died. Constantius married Coel's daughter, Helena, and crowned himself as Coel's successor. Helen later gave birth to a son who became the Emperor, Constantine the Great, giving a British pedigree to the Roman imperial line.

[They keep using the word ficticious, but seem to always refer to it as a somewhat valid fact]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I_of_the_Roman_Empire

http://www.deloriahurst.com/deloriahurst%20page/1828.html
Marcomir married in 129 A.D. to Athildis, daughter of Coilus King of the Britains (125-170). Through this marriage the blood of the ancient Roman houses of the Julii and Claudii, as well as the ancient Royal lines of the Silures, become mixed with the ancient Merovingian line. Coilus was the son of Marius, King of the British Silures and a daughter of Boadicia, the great Queen of the Iceni. Marius was the son of Arviragus, King of the Silures and Venissa, daughter of Claudius I, Emperor of Rome. (See Ancient Roman genealogy). A son was born of this union: Pharabert (Farbert) in 131 A.D.

Here Ancient British/Scottish lines link to Aeneas' Latin Lines, and Frankish Lines link to Coel's, Bran's, and Lear's Ancient UK lines.
Many ancient Si-Cambrian Kings were named Marcomir, Antenor The 1st Marcomir is credited with bringing them to Frisia.