The Rich man is a parable used against the Pharisees - it's one of the Lords most beautifully crafted works.
The difficulty with a parable like the Rich Man and Lazarus is that (a) it's easier than many parables to take it at face value, and (b) without the right understanding, there's a risk of misusing the symbols while trying to make sense of the conflicting elements.
Many Christians, like yourself, read this and quickly see the fiery torment as proof of their belief in eternal punishment in hell. They might also connect being gathered to Abraham’s bosom with their idea of “heaven,” believing there's a clear, unbridgeable gap between the two. We would ask them — in what other parables are the elements taken so literally? Is the parable of the Wheat and Tares really just about harvesting wheat? Is the Pearl of Great Price a real pearl? Does Jesus truly refer to a literal fig tree that produced no fruit? If our Lord doesn’t mean exactly what he says in other cases, it would be unusual for him to do so in this passage.
So let's look at this account in more detail. Jesus was talking to the Pharisees in Luke 16:14-15. He often used parables to teach important lessons, as noted in Mark 4:34, where it says he didn't speak to them without using a parable. Many commentaries agree that this passage is a parable. Furthermore, Jesus mentioned that the rich man's five brothers had "Moses and the prophets" (verse 29), which helps us understand the meaning of the parable better.
When we see that the rich man stands for Israel and the poor man symbolizes the Gentiles, the meanings become much clearer. This view is strong because it explains many strange aspects of the story effectively.
Let's look at some of this strange aspects:
Lazarus is named. In all other parables, Jesus doesn't use specific names for characters. Here, naming the poor man Lazarus hints at Israel's unwillingness to believe, even with clear proof. This name emphasizes their lack of faith. While it's hard to pinpoint the exact timing, it's probable that this parable was shared just a week or two before Lazarus was raised from the dead.
The rich man appears to suffer without any wrongdoing, simply because he's wealthy. If we don't assume that being rich makes him a sinner, we need to find another reason for his misfortune. Viewing this as a shift in circumstances, we can see that this rich man was once blessed by God, making this a tale about lost favor.
When we think of the rich man as a symbol for the nation of Israel, many details start to make sense. For example, Israel was blessed with God's promises. The white linen he wore represents righteousness, showing how God's Chosen People were seen as righteous because they followed the Law. Additionally, purple signifies royalty, reflecting their esteemed status because of God's favor. However, despite these blessings and their privileged position, they lost God's favor and were replaced by the Gentiles.
My understanding is that a fiery hell is not supported by scripture. So, how does the rich man's suffering fit into this idea? If we look at the shift in favor, where the rich man loses his status and the poor man gains it, this represents the change from the Jewish Age to the Gospel Age. Due to their lack of faith, Israel lost its special standing with God and faced severe persecution during the Gospel Age. The suffering of the rich man symbolizes this mistreatment.
In the time of Jesus, Jews viewed Gentiles as inferior, often calling them dogs. A clear example is the Syrophoenician woman in Matthew 15:21-28. Initially, Jesus didn't respond to her, and his disciples urged him to send her away. However, he eventually spoke to her, stating that he was sent only to the lost sheep of Israel (verse 24) and mentioned that it wasn't right to give the children's bread to the dogs (verse 26). The woman replied in verse 27, acknowledging, “Yes, Lord; but even the dogs eat the crumbs that fall from their masters’ table” (NASB). This idea is also reflected in the parable where Lazarus longs for the crumbs from the rich man's table (Luke 16:21). Thus, Lazarus symbolizes the Gentile "dogs" who come to Christ.
This parable was meant to show the Jews that they had many chances but wasted them. Even if the deeper meaning was not clear, it would be hard for anyone to ignore Lazarus’ return to life and the hint that he was the Messiah they sought. Those who paid attention and saw the link would have their faith boosted. Additionally, this is just one sign that the blessings once meant for Israel have now gone to the Gentiles. It shows how God’s Plan is moving forward and confirms that our understanding aligns with His will.
"And besides all this, between us and you there is a great gulf fixed, so that those who want to pass from here to you cannot, nor can those from there pass to us.’" - Luke 16:26
The great gulf fixed between the rich man and Lazarus shows the big difference between the Gospel Church and the Jews. Israel's failure to recognize Christ has caused this separation between those in favor and those not. However, this separation is not meant to last forever. The Greek word for "gulf" [Strongs 5490] suggests a time aspect. It's defined as a "chasm or vacancy (impassable interval)." While this definition mainly refers to the differences between the Church and Israel, the idea of an "impassable interval" might indicate a time when the gap could not be crossed. This could relate to the 1845-year period when Israel was not favored, which aligns with the message of the parable.
The Jewish double began to change in 1878 AD when the Berlin Congress allowed Jews to buy land in Israel. This was the start of closing the gap, with support for Israel slowly increasing. The gap will be completely closed when Israel accepts Jesus as the Messiah, as mentioned in Zechariah 12:10. At that point, the rich man will regain God's favor. This idea is also shown in Ezekiel 37, where a valley of dry bones comes back to life.
If you wish to know more about this "double", I'd be more than happy to explain it to you in more detail.