Historical Evidences of the Bible

[Doppleganger]

New Thread Re-directed Beginning Here -> http://www.christian...itive-material/
And Ending Here -> http://www.christian...post__p__101076

http://en.wikipedia....uous_habitation

Damascus Levant Syria Chalcolithic
Damascus is often claimed to be the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world, and evidence of settlement in the wider Barada basin dating back to 9000 BC exists. However within the area of Damascus there is no evidence for large-scale settlement until the second millennium BC.

Jericho Levant West Bank Chalcolithic (3000 BC or earlier)
Traces of habitation from 9000 BC. Fortifications date to 6800 BC (or earlier), making Jericho the earliest known walled city. Archaeological evidence indicates that the city was destroyed and abandoned several times (sometimes remaining uninhabited for hundreds of years at a time), with later rebuilding and expansion.

Byblos Levant Lebanon Chalcolithic (5000 BC or earlier)
Settled from the Neolithic (carbon-dating tests have set the age of earliest settlement around 7000), a city since the 3rd millennium BC. Byblos had a reputation as the "oldest city in the world" in Antiquity (according to Philo of Byblos).

Sidon Levant Lebanon 4000 BC
There is evidence that Sidon was inhabited from as long ago as 4000 BC, and perhaps, as early as Neolithic times (6000-4000BC).

http://news.softpedi...ies-76446.shtml
Sumerians have an unknown origin. They reached Sumer around 3,500 BC. Physically, they resembled the Dravidian people of India (later, they got a mixed type with the Semites), but their advanced copper technology (the Sumerians processed the copper by casting it in clay molds, and Sumerian images present soldiers wearing copper axes, copper swords and spears with copper points) pointed to a relation to the tribes of northeastern Mesopotamia. They mixed with indigenous people and Semite people forming one of the most advanced civilizations of the antiquity.

Sumer, unlike more northern zones, never had a good agriculture soil. Rich crops were obtained only if the swamps were drained and the terrains irrigated. Excepting food, Sumer was devoid of resources, like timber and stones (too heavy to be transported in large amounts), that's why the buildings were made of adobe, dried at sun and burned in ovens. Taking into account how perishable this material is, it is a wonder that many of these crumbly structures survived.

Sumer contributed to the civilization with the first wheeled vehicles, potter's wheel, and especially writing. Starting with pictographs and ideograms, Sumerians developed the cuneiform writing, on slates of wet clay subsequently dried to keep the message. These slates preserved humanity's first literary texts, based on the myths and the legends of the Sumerians, 5,000 years ago. Writing appeared due as a trade necessity, enabling people to record goods' prices, benefits, or clients' name. Initially, each character reproduced an object, but later the signs encoded phonemes. 4,000 years old calendars, written on clay plates, were found at Uruk. The year started with the spring equinox, it was divided in months of 29 days or 30 days, and the week had 7 days.

[Note: Not like the Hebrew Day or Year, that began at the close of Dawn or culminated with the Feasts of Tabernacles]

With all That being said, the Great Cradle of Civilization, Mesopotamia was inhabited by Four general nations. Sumer to the South, Babylon situated in the Middle of the Tigris & Euphrates, Asher to the North, and Elam to the East. After the Demiurge the Sons of the Noah sons, migrated to all the compass points, establishing cities for themselves.

Troy, the first Troy, of Japheth and His sons though not basking in the splendid glory of their previous homeland or of Egypt, was rebuilt. This stategic environ held the keys as it were, to the sea, and the north from the great steppes of the east to the hinderlands of the west. Troy, though not given a promenient place, as that of Egypt or Babylon remains deeply set in our ancient memories, sung by bards of old. Nine Levels of Troy speak to us. Perched at the confluences of the Dardanelles, Troy maybe one of the most strategic sites ever built.

Whether this site is the actual site of the Trojan War is hottely debated, certainly there is evidence of other similar Troytowns, as it were. The enigmatic link between The Isles of the Blessed in the Far West to the vichey's of Asia Minor cannot be dismissed with the stroke of a pen.

Taken from the AV KJV Online Bible, eSword and Encarta © 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Genesis 10:1-5
Now these are the generations of the sons of Noah, Shem, Ham, and Japheth: and unto them were sons born after the flood.

The 7 sons of Japheth (aka Jupiter, Iapater or Zeus); are (from the Strong's 3315 [expansive] based on 6601 [persuade])
{3rd son of Noah whose descendants settled on the coastal lands of the Mediterranean spreading north [then east and west])

Gomer 01586 from 01584 (complete) {progenitor of the early Cimmerians and the Celtic family - Celts, Gauls and Illyrii}
Magog 04031 from 01463 (mountainous land of Gog) {People of the mountainous region between Cappadocia and Media}
Madai 04074 (Middle Land) {northwest of Persia, south-southwest of the Caspian, east of Armenia and Assyria}
Javan 03120 from 03196 (effervescent winebibbers) {Greece proper, Ionians, not to be confused with Aelions or Dorians}
Tubal 08422 (to bring forth) {east Asia Minor near to Cappadocia; Tiber, Tobruk, Tobol'sk, Tubal-Cain, Toba tek Singh}
Meshech 4902 (to draw out) {connected with Tubal, Magog, and the Moschi, a people on the borders of Colchis and Armenia}
Tiras 8494 (desire(d)) {connected with the Thracians, Troy or Illion, and possibly Tyre, the Nordic Thor, Taurus's}

And the 3 sons of Gomer; (the 1st born) are
Ashkenaz 0813 (a man as sprinkled: fire as scattered) {Bithynia, Pontus, Sacagena-Armenia. Ascanitici, the Don [Tanais]}
Riphath 7384 (spoken) {Diyphath, Didymus-Miletus?, Paphlagonians, which were anciently called Riphataei, Pontus}
Togarmah 08425 (thou wilt break her) {the area known as Armenia, Turks, Tigrah-Petah Tiqwah, Tikamgarh?, Tobarra?}

And the 4 sons of Javan; (the 4th born) are
Elishah 0473 (God of the coming one) {Aeolia, Elis, Thessaly, Boeotia, Arcado-Cyprian, Lesbos, Lydia, Isole Eolie}
Tarshish 8659 from 8658 (yellow jasper) {Cilicia, Cyprus, Tartessus Spain, various points south & east of the red sea}
Kittim 3794 (bruisers) {islanders of the Mediterranean, Cyprus, Hatti, Syrio-Hittie, Chios, Romans, Macedonians}
Dodanim 1721 (leaders) {also Rodanim [Rhodes] [connected to Helios], Dodana [Epirus], Rhone Valley-South France}

By these were the isles of the Gentiles divided in their lands; every one after his tongue, after their families, in their nations.
Genesis 9:27 God shall enlarge Japheth, and he shall dwell in the tents of Shem; and Canaan shall be his servant. {enlarge: or, persuade}

---------------------------

03315 tpy Yepheth yeh'-feth
from 06601; ; n pr m
AV-Japheth 11; 11
Japheth =" opened"
1) the 3rd son of Noah whose descendants after the flood settled on the coastal lands of the Mediterranean spreading north into Europe and parts of Asia

06601 htp pathah paw-thaw'
a primitive root; TWOT-1853; v
AV-entice 10, deceive 8, persuade 4, flatter 2, allure 1, enlarge 1, silly one 1, silly 1; 28
1) to be spacious, be open, be wide
1a) (Qal) to be spacious or open or wide
1b) (Hiphil) to make spacious, make open
2) to be simple, entice, deceive, persuade
2a) (Qal)
2a1) to be open-minded, be simple, be naive
2a2) to be enticed, be deceived
2b) (Niphal) to be deceived, be gullible
2c) (Piel)
2c1) to persuade, seduce
2c2) to deceive
2d) (Pual)
2d1) to be persuaded
2d2) to be deceived

01586 rmg Gomer go'-mer
from 01584; TWOT-363a
AV-Gomer 6; 6
Gomer =" complete"
n pr m
1) the eldest son of Japheth and grandson of Noah; the progenitor of the early Cimmerians and other branches of the Celtic family

01584 rmg gamar gaw-mar'
a primitive root; TWOT-363; v
AV-cease 1, fail 1, come to an end 1, perfect 1, perform 1; 5
1) to end, come to an end, complete, cease
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to come to an end, be no more
1a2) to bring to an end, complete
2) (TWOT) to fail, perfect, perform

04031 gwgm Magowg maw-gogue'
from 01463, Greek 3098 Magwg; TWOT 324a;
AV-Magog 4; 4
Magog =" land of Gog"
n pr m
1) the 2nd son of Japheth, grandson of Noah, and progenitor of several tribes northward from Israel
n pr loc
2) the mountainous region between Cappadocia and Media and habitation of the descendants of Magog, son of Japheth and grandson of Noah

01463 gwg Gowg gohg
of uncertain derivation, Greek 1136 gwg; TWOT-324; n pr m
AV-Gog 10; 10
Gog =" mountain"
1) a Reubenite, son of Shemaiah
2) the prophetic prince of Rosh, Meshech and Tubal, and Magog

3098 Magwg Magog mag-ogue'
of Hebrew origin 04031 gwgm; TDNT-1:789, *; n pr loc
AV-Magog 1; 1
Magog =" overtopping: covering"
1) a land north of Israel from which the King of Gog will come to attack Israel

04074 ydm Maday maw-dah'-ee
of foreign derivation, Greek 3370 Mhdov; ;
AV-Medes 8, Media 6, Madai 2; 16
Media or Medes or Madai =" middle land"
n pr m
1) a people descended from the son of Japheth and who inhabited the territory of Media
n pr loc
2) land inhabited by the descendants of Japheth; located northwest of Persia proper, south and southwest of the Caspian Sea, east of Armenia and Assyria, and west and northwest of the great salt desert of Iram

03120 Nwy Yavan yaw-vawn'
probably from the same as 03196; TWOT-855;
AV-Javan 7, Grecia 3, Greece 1; 11
Javan =" Ionia" or "Greece"
n pr m
1) a son of Japheth and grandson of Noah
n pr loc
2) Greece, Ionia, Ionians
2a) location of descendants of Javan

03196 Nyy yayin yah'-yin
from an unused root meaning to effervesce, Greek 3631 oinov; TWOT-864; n m
AV-wine 137, vine 1, banqueting 1, winebibbers + 05433 1; 140
1) wine

08422 lbwt Tuwbal too-bal' or lbt Tubal too-bal'
probably of foreign derivation; ; n pr m
AV-Tubal 8; 8
Tubal =" thou shall be brought"
n pr m
1) son of Japheth and grandson of Noah
n pr terr
2) a region in east Asia Minor
2a) perhaps nearly equal to Cappadocia

04902 Kvm Meshek meh'-shek
the same in form as 04901, but probably of foreign derivation; ; n pr m
AV-Meshech 8, Mesech 1; 9
Mesech or Meshech =" drawing out"
1) son of Japheth, grandson of Noah, and progenitor of peoples to the north of Israel
1a) descendants of Mesech often mentioned in connection with Tubal, Magog, and other northern nations including the Moschi, a people on the borders of Colchis and Armenia

04901 Kvm meshek meh'shek
from 04900; TWOT-1257a; n m
AV-price 1, precious 1; 2
1) a drawing, drawing up, drawing up a trail
1a) the drawing up, fishing up, securing, acquiring
1b) a trail (of seed)

08494 oryt Tiyrac tee-rawce'
probably of foreign derivation; ; n pr m
AV-Tiras 2; 2
Tiras =" desire"
1) son of Japheth and grandson of Noah

0813 znkva 'Ashk@naz ash-ken-az'
of foreign origin; ; n pr m
AV-Ashchenaz 2, Ashkenaz 1; 3
Ashchenaz or Ashkenaz =" a man as sprinkled: fire as scattered"
1) a descendant of Japheth
2) a northern people, perhaps of Bithynia

07384 tpyr Riyphath ree-fath' or (probably by orthographical error) tpyd Diyphath dee-fath'
of foreign origin; ; n pr m
AV-Riphath 2; 2
Riphath =" spoken"
1) the 2nd son of Gomer

08425 hmrgwt Towgarmah to-gar-maw' or hmrgt Togarmah to-gar-maw'
probably of foreign derivation;
AV-Togarmah 4; 4
Togarmah =" thou wilt break her"
n pr m
1) son of Gomer, grandson of Japheth, and great grandson of Noah
n pr terr
2) territory settled by the descendants of Togarmah
2a) probably the area known as Armenia

0473 hvyla 'Eliyshah el-ee-shaw'
probably of foreign derivation; ; n pr m
AV-Elishah 3; 3
Elishah =" God of the coming (one)"
1) descendant of Noah, son of Javan; perhaps ancestor of the Aeolians

08659 vyvrt Tarshiysh tar-sheesh'
probably the same as 08658 (as the region of the stone, or the reverse); TWOT-2547
AV-Tarshish 24, Tharshish 4; 28
Tarshish or Tharshish =" yellow jasper"
n pr m
1) son of Javan
2) a Benjamite, son of Bilhan
3) one of the wise men close to king Ahasuerus of Persia
n pr loc
4) a city of the Phoenicians in a distant part of the Mediterranean Sea to which the prophet Jonah was trying to flee
1a) site unknown but perhaps in Cyprus or Spain
5) a city somewhere near and accessible to the Red Sea to which ships constructed at Ezion-geber on the Elanitic Gulf on the Red Sea were to sail

08658 vyvrt tarshiysh tar-sheesh'
probably of foreign derivation [compare 08659]; TWOT-2546; n m
AV-beryl 7; 7
1) a precious stone or semi-precious gem
1a) perhaps a chrysolite, yellow jasper, or other yellow coloured stone

03794 ytk Kittiy kit-tee' or yytk Kittiyiy kit-tee-ee'
patrial from an unused name denoting Cyprus (only in the pl.); ; adj
AV-Chittim 6, Kittim 2; 8
Chittim or Kittim =" bruisers"
1) a general term for all islanders of the Mediterranean Sea
2) the descendants of Javan, the son of Japheth and grandson of Noah

01721 Myndd Dodaniym do-daw-neem' or (by orthographical error) Myndr Rodaniym (#1Ch 1:7) ro-daw-neem'
a plural of uncertain derivation; ; n pr m
AV-Dodanim 2; 2
Dodanim or Rodanim =" leaders"
1) sons or descendants of Javan

 

[Doppleganger]

The Tribes, the Peoples of the Earth, and the Census.
[The early british history between these 3 island factions needs to go before this]

http://www.britannia...story/bb51.html
The BUILDING BLOCKS Interesting Events in Early British History

http://www.mainlesso...tory=caractacus
Caractacus was the King of the Silures, a tribe of Western Britain, inhabiting the region now known as Monmouthshire and South Wales. It was his hard fate to see the revival of the schemes of conquest which, for nearly a century, Rome had been content to lay aside. Julius had conceived the idea of adding Britain to the Empire, but had found, after the attempt, that Gaul gave his troops employment enough. The action of Augustus was to contract rather than enlarge the Empire, and Tiberius imitated him with scrupulous care. Caligula's campaign against Britain was only a burlesque, but it showed which way Roman thought was setting. Claudius, his successor, undertook a regular conquest of the island, and commanded in person the army first sent over. Britain was now the last witness for freedom in Western Europe, and it fell to the lot of Caractacus, who had a certain predominance among the British chiefs, to be her champion in the unequal struggle. The south and east of the island had been subjugated in the course of nine campaigns, and Caractacus was driven to fight for his own home.

http://www.silurian.com/silurian.htm
The most famous king of the Silures was Caradoc or Caractacus or Caratacus who lived in the days just after the Roman conquest of AD 43. The king's life is documented by Roman historians including Tacitus. For nine years Caractacus, king of the Silures, whose country was watered by the beautiful River Severn", defied the power of Rome. Tradition says that Vyran the Blessed or Bran, father of Caractacus, first introduced Christianity into Britain, and he received the doctrine from the lips of St. Paul during his seven years of exile in Rome.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caratacus
According to established history, Caratacus and his brother Togodumnus led the initial defence of the country against Aulus Plautius's four legions thought to have been around 40,000 men, primarily using guerrilla tactics. They lost much of the south-east after being defeated in two crucial battles on the rivers Medway and Thames. Togodumnus was killed and the Catuvellauni's territories were conquered. An alternative reading of Dio's history of the invasion suggests that Togodumnus may actually have been acting in support of the Roman troops, against his brother Caratacus, and that he survived the battles of the River Thames, providing the later Roman administration with valued assistance. Dr Miles Russell of Bournemouth University has further suggested that Togodumnus and Tiberius Claudius Togidubnus, postulated resident of the late 1st century AD palace at Fishbourne may well have been one and the same. Claudius was present in August when his legions marched into Camulodunum (Colchester), the capital of the Catuvellauni, but Caratacus survived and carried on the resistance further west.

In 51, Scapula managed to defeat Caratacus in a set-piece battle somewhere in Ordovician territory (see the Battle of Caer Caradoc), capturing Caratacus' wife and daughter and receiving the surrender of his brothers. Caratacus himself escaped, and fled north to the lands of the Brigantes (modern Yorkshire) where the Brigantian queen, Cartimandua, handed him over to the Romans in chains. This was one of the factors that led to two Brigantian revolts against Cartimandua and her Roman allies, once later in the 50s and once in 69, led by Venutius, who had once been Cartimandua's husband. With the capture of Caratacus, much of southern Britain from the Humber to the Severn was pacified and garrisoned throughout the 50's.

After his capture, Caratacus was sent to Rome as a war prize, presumably to be killed after a triumphal parade. Although a captive, he was allowed to speak to the Roman senate. Tacitus records a version of his speech in which he says that his stubborn resistance made Rome's glory in defeating him all the greater:

http://en.wikipedia....dius_Cogidubnus
In Tacitus's Agricola, published ca. 98, where his name appears as "Cogidumnus" in most manuscripts and "Togidumnus" in one, he is said to have governed several civitates (states or tribal territories) as a client ruler after the Roman conquest, and to have been loyal "down to our own times" (at least into the 70s).

He is also known from an inscription on a damaged slab of marble, found in Chichester in 1723 and datable to the late 1st century. As reconstructed by J.E. Bogaers, it reads (reconstructed parts in square brackets): Which translates as:

To Neptune and Minerva, for the welfare of the Divine House, by the authority of Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus, great king of the Britons, the guild of smiths and those in it gave this temple at their own expense ...ens, son of Pudentinus, presented the forecourt.

http://celticsaints....2007/0807a.html
The ancient Welsh Triads tell us that, "Bran brought the faith of Christ to the Cambrians." It was likely that this same Claudia married a young Roman Senator named Pudens, whose full name was Rufus Pudens Pudentia.

http://www.answers.c...opic/caractacus
Caratacus (Brythonic *Caratācos, variants Latin Caractacus) was a historical British chieftain of the Catuvellauni tribe, who led the British resistance to the Roman conquest. He was sentenced to death as a military prisoner, but made a speech before his execution that caused the Emperor, Claudius to spare him. The legendary Welsh character Caradog ap Bran and the legendary British king Arvirargus may be based upon Caratacus.

http://en.wikipedia....of_the_Apostles
The Lost Chapter of the Acts of the Apostles, also known as the Sonnini Manuscript, is a short text purporting to be the translation of a manuscript containing the 29th chapter of the Acts of the Apostles, detailing St Paul's journey to Britain, where he preached to a tribe of Israelites on Ludgate Hill, the site of St Paul's Cathedral.

The text made its first appearance in London in 1871. According to the editor, it was translated in the late 18th century by the French naturalist Sonnini de Manoncourt from a "Greek manuscript discovered in the archives at Constantinople and presented to him by the Sultan Abdoul Achmet". It was found hidden in an English translation of Sonnini's Voyage en Grèce et en Turquie in the library of Sir John Newport, MP (1756-1843) after the MP's death. However, no trace of any such manuscript has been found, and from internal evidence, mainstream philology considers it to most likely be a fraud, thus it is classed among the modern apocrypha.

Purpose [Unpurpose]
The purpose of the book is to support Anglo-Israelism. Today, the book has not found attention in recent mainstream publications and is not mentioned on the website of the British-Israel-World Federation. The influence of that movement has declined. The group that was once supported by distinguished figures is now a minor fringe group.

Possible origins [Unorigins]
It is possible that the book was first created by the British writer and general hack, William Combe, who was known to generate such forgeries and was also known to have translated Sonnini de Manoncourt's Travels in Upper Egypt. This would provide clues to the reason behind the claims of Sonnini having found the manuscript.

http://en.wikipedia....i/Abdul_Hamid_I
Abdülhamid was imprisoned for most of the first forty-three years of his life by his cousins Mahmud I and Osman III and his older brother Mustafa III, as was custom. He received his early education from his mother Râbi'a Sharmi Sultana, from whom he studied history and learned calligraphy. His imprisonment made him aloof in regard to state affairs and malleable to the designs of his advisors. Yet he was also very religious and a pacifist by nature.

http://www.asis.com/...g/paulbrit.html
The evidence establishes the fact that much time was spent by Jesus in England, at a place called Glastonbury, England . His visits and stays were overseen by his guardian and great uncle Joseph of Arimathea ... Joseph of Arimathea ran the tin trade between England and the whole Mediterranean area. He had a great fleet of ships, and was a Minister of Mines for the Roman Empire. He was also one of the richest men in the world. After the Resurrection, he and twelve others went to England. With the help of some of his companions, Joseph established seminaries and sent out hundreds of missionaries to Europe, Ireland and elsewhere ... Roman Emperor Claudius took up the war against England that Julius Caesar began in 53 B.C ... British and Roman intermarriages: Arviragus, Silurian (Wales) King is given Venus, Emperor Claudius' daughter during peace negotiations at Rome in a six month hiatus of hostilities ... Gladys Pomponia Graecina, the sister of Caradoc, Pendragon and Military Dictator of England, marries Aulus Plautius, supreme commander of the Roman forces in England ... Gladys-Claudia, the daughter of Caradoc, is not only adopted by Emperor Claudius after her father's defeat, but marries Rufus Pudens, the aide-de-camp of the Roman Commander, Aulus Plautius.
Caradoc's family, four generations were taken captive to Rome, when he was betrayed by his cousin Aricia Queen of the Brigantes ...Caradoc delivers his famous speech to the Roman Senate, and unlike any other captive in Rome's history, is granted life and a mere seven year "house arrest" in Rome, after which he is allowed to return to England with the promise never to fight against Rome again ... Caradoc and his family establish residence at the already existing Palatium Britanicum (Palace of the British) nearby to the Emperor Claudius' home ... A couple of Caradoc's children and the four sainted children of Claudia and Pudens establish the Christian sanctuary and place of worship at the Palatium Britanicum. These are all eventually martyred ... Paul spent his time in Rome at the home of his mother Priscilla or the Palatium Britanicum. He taught the children of Claudia and Pudens, and ordained Caradoc's son Linus first Bishop of Rome.

Twenty-five hundred and twenty years from 721 B.C. when the capital of Samaria fell, a manuscript is discovered and the prophet's test is met. Peace, numbering, and in the seventh numbering an understanding of their inheritance is possible.

In the following verses some verifiable events occur, by which we can take this lost chapter of Acts as authentic. The location of St. Paul's in England, the timing of the discovery of the Sonnini manuscript, and the census prophesied by Paul. England, up to the prophesied time, had not taken a census. And please notice that none of the 29th chapter of Acts goes against the Canon of Scripture. Here are the next ten verses.

http://asis.com/user...ty.html#Royalty Chart
Joseph of Arimathea's daughter married an earthly king. Anna, married King Beli, and produced the lines of Queen Elizabeth, King Arthur, and the Royal family of the Roman church. Ann, one of Joseph's sisters who became the Great Matriarch of Jesus immediate family, was great-grandmother to "half" the Apostles.

Whether or not William Combe forged this (Sonnini a naturalist & Abdul Hamid the 1st) and whether or not people have tried to relate this instance of the forgery to the greater events of history is irrelevant! Do you not think it is remarkable that this lines up so well with history, prophecy, The 1st chapters of Esdras, the slave state of Rome, Census ... ?

 

[Doppleganger]

http://www.british-t...pre-history.asp
http://ancienthistor...meromanbrit.htm
http://www.worldtime...west/50BC-AD400
http://en.wikipedia...._Britain#Events

http://www.longrange...r.com/100bc.htm Weather History and Climate (100 B.C. to 50 B.C.)
http://www.longrange...er.com/50bc.htm Weather History and Climate (50 B.C. to 0 A.D.)
http://www.longrange...her.com/0ad.htm Weather History and Climate (0 A.D. to 50 A.D.)
http://www.longrange...er.com/50ad.htm Weather History and Climate (50 A.D. to 100 A.D.)

There have been several times in history when the warm phase of the 1000 year cycle was interrupted by a rather long and vigorous cold period. During each one of these interruptions there have been historic civil conflicts. These civil wars are generally very bloody, fought between two strong factions - the liberals versus the conservatives. A cold interruption of this sort began around 130 B.C. and was marked by the famous wars of the Gracchi in Rome. Now, at 50 B.C., there began a 20-year cold period during which furious civil wars were fought in the Roman Empire.

http://www.archaeolo...line-of-britain
99 BC The Snettisham Treasure The great Iron Age hoards discovered at Snettisham in Norfolk form the richest Iron Age treasure ever discovered in this country.
99 BC First waves of Belgic invaders settle in the south-east, establishing the Catuvellauni and Trinovantes tribes. First coins introduced.
80 BC Second wave of Belgic invaders settle in Sussex, Berkshire, and Hampshire, establishing the Atrebates and Regnenses tribes.

75 BC Belgic invasion of S.E. Britain
73 BC Third Servile War -The most famous slave revolt, which became known as the Third Servile War, was led by Spartacus, a gladiator. Spartacus and his men seized Mount Vesuvius, and thousands of slaves flocked to his side. Spartacus defeated a number of Romans armies. He was eventually defeated by a Roman army led by Praetor Crassus and was killed in 71 B.C. Servile War

65 BC Pompey's Conquest- Roman forces under the command of Pompey defeated Mithridates VI, king of Pontus. Pompey forced Mithridates to flee to the eastern Black Sea regions and then to Armenia. Finally, Mithridates committed suicide thus ending the war and giving Pompey a total victory.
63 BC Pompey Captures Jerusalem - Pompey was invited to settle a dispute between Hyrcanus II and his brother, Aristobulus II, and took this as an opportunity to conquer Judea. After a three-month siege, Pompey captured Jerusalem. Pompey killed 12,000 of Jerusalem's Jews.

60 BC Pompey, Crassus & Julius Caesar Form Triumvirate- Julius Caesar, Gnaeus Pompey and Marcus Crassus formed the first triumvirate to rule Rome. Each had successfully commanded Roman armies in the field. They worked together to advance each other's needs. The alliance was cemented when Caesar's daughter Julia married Pompey.

58 BC Caesar Defeats Celtic Hevetii (Switzerland)- In the Battle at Issus, Macedonian forces under Alexander, met a Persian army, numbering nearly 500,000 men, under the command of Darius lll. Alexander attacked the Persian infantry in the center of the lines and achieved an overwhelming victory, decimating the Persian forces.

57 BC Caesar Defeats Celtics Belgae Tribes- Julius Caesar defeated the Celtic Helvetica tribes from what is modern-day Switzerland. The battle took place at Bibracate in the present-day France. The Rhine become the frontier as most of Eastern France was occupied by the Romans.

55 BC Belgic tribes unite under Cassivellanus, a Chief whose lands included what is now Hertfordshire and whose capital was Wheathampstead
55 BC Caesar Invades Britain- Caesar led Roman troops across the Straits of Dover for a short reconnaissance mission and then returned to Gaul. He came to England the next year with a larger force, defeated the Catuvellauni and established Roman sovereignty over parts of England

55 BC Caesar's first expedition to Britain. He lands near Walmer. Commius, chieftain of the Atrebates, captured by the British after serving as an envoy to Rome.
August 26 - Julius Caesar lands between Deal and Walmer, wins skirmishes against the British, and frees Commius.
August 31 - Britons in war-chariots defeat the Romans. Romans return to Gaul

54 BC Caesar's 2nd expedition to Britain this time landing near Sandwich. By July Caesar has captured Wheathampstead. By September Caesar has returned to Gaul (France)
July - Julius Caesar invades Britain and defeats the Catuvellauni under Cassivellaunus.
Sept - Tribute fixed, and peace agreed between the Catevellauni and the Trinovantes, allied with Rome. Romans return to Gaul

50 BC Commius and his followers migrate to Britain. Fleeing to Britain after a failed revolt in Gaul, Commius becomes chieftain of the Atrebates
49 BC Caesar crosses River Rubicon, boundary of Cisalpine Gaul, beginning of Roman civil war
46 BC Vercingetorix paraded in Caesar's triumph and then strangled
44 BC Marcus Aemilius Lepidus appointed governor of Gaul Narbonensis
43 BC Cisalpine Gaul becomes part of Italia
43 BC Roman colony of Lugdunum (Lyons) founded and becomes Gaulish capital

34 BC Emperor Octavian makes an alliance with the Atrebates and Trinovantes.
25 BC Tincommius, leader of the Atrebates, issues Roman-style coinage
14 BC Alpes Maritimae becomes a Roman province
14 BC Alpes Graiae et Poeniniae becomes a Roman province

10 BC Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus, later the emperor Claudius, born in Lugdunum
AD 05 Rome acknowledges Cymbeline king of Britain
AD 10 Cunobelinus, son of Tasciovanus and great-grandson of Cassivellanus who fought Julius Caesar now reigns over much of SE England

AD 14 Pont du Gard aqueduct is completed near modern Nimes
AD 21 Gallic leaders rebel but are suppressed by Rome

AD 43 The invasion of Britain by Aulus Plautius for Emperor Claudius. Aulus became the first Governor
AD 43 Under Emperor Claudius, Romans invade: Caratacus leads the resistance
AD 43 Start of the Romano-British architectural period (43-446)
AD 43 Colchester, Roman Camulodunum A rich burial dating to within 20 years after the Roman conquest has just been excavated in a gravel quarry at Stanway
AD 45 The first Colonia founded at Colchester

AD 47 Ostorius Scapula becomes Governor. Fortress built at Cirencester
AD 48 Leaders from Gaul given access to senate in Rome
AD 51 Caratacus is defeated, captured and taken to Rome
AD 52 Aulus Didius Gallus becomes Governor
AD 58 Alpes Cottiae becomes a Roman province
AD 59 Suetonius Paulinus becomes Governor

AD 60 Tribes revolt under Boudicca
AD 61 Boudicca, Queen of the Iceni rebels against Britain, but is defeated
AD 63 Joseph of Arimathea's mission to Glastonbury
AD 77 Rome's conquest of Britain is complete: Julius Agricola is Britain's Imperial Governor
80 AD Agricola invades Albion

 

[Doppleganger]

http://en.wikipedia..../Cassivellaunus
Cassivellaunus was an historical British chieftain who led the defence against Julius Caesar's second expedition to Britain in 54 BC. The first British person whose name is recorded, Cassivellaunus led an alliance of tribes against Roman forces, but eventually surrendered after his location was revealed to Caesar by defeated Britons. Cassivellaunus made an impact on the British consciousness. He appears in British legend as Cassibelanus, one of Geoffrey of Monmouth's kings of Britain, and in the Mabinogion, the Brut y Brenhinedd and the Welsh Triads as Caswallawn, son of Beli Mawr. He appears in Julius Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico, having been given command of the combined British forces opposing Caesar's second invasion of Britain. Caesar does not mention Cassivellaunus's tribe, but his territory, north of the River Thames, corresponds with that inhabited by the tribe named the Catuvellauni

Cassivellaunus appears in Geoffrey of Monmouth's 12th century work Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain), usually spelled Cassibelanus or Cassibelaunus. The younger son of the former king Heli, he becomes king of Britain upon the death of his elder brother Lud, whose own sons Androgeus and Tenvantius are not yet of age. In recompense, Androgeus is made Duke of Kent and Trinovantum (London), and Tenvantius is made Duke of Cornwall.

After his conquest of Gaul, Julius Caesar sets his sights on Britain, and sends a letter to Cassibelanus demanding tribute. Cassibelanus refuses, citing the Britons' and Romans' common Trojan descent (see Brutus of Britain), and Caesar invades at the Thames Estuary. During the fighting, Cassibelanus's brother Nennius encounters Caesar and sustains a severe head wound. Caesar's sword gets stuck in Nennius's shield, and when the two are separated in the mêlée, Nennius throws away his own sword and attacks the Romans with Caesar's, killing many, including the tribune Labienus. The Britons hold firm, and that night Caesar flees back to Gaul. Cassibelanus's celebrations are muted by Nennius's death from his head wound. He is buried with the sword he took from Caesar, which is named Crocea Mors (Yellow Death).

http://en.wikipedia....ki/Catuvellauni
The Catuvellauni may be related to the Catalauni, a people of Belgic Gaul attested in the region of Châlons-en-Champagne. The name itself is derived from the Old Brythonic catu - wellauni meaning "battle chieftains" or "battle leaders". This ultimately derives from the Proto-Celtic "catu", battle, and "wali", to lead.

His tribal background is not mentioned by Caesar, but his territory, north of the Thames and to the west of the Trinovantes, corresponds to that later occupied by the Catuvellauni. The extensive earthworks at Devil's Dyke near Wheathampstead, Hertfordshire are thought to have been the tribe's original capital.

Tasciovanus was the first king to mint coins at Verlamion, beginning ca 20 BC. He appears to have expanded his power at the expense of the Trinovantes to the east, as some of his coins, ca 15–10 BC, were minted in their capital Camulodunum (modern Colchester). British legend, culminating in William Shakespeare's play Cymbeline. Geoffrey of Monmouth says he was brought up at the court of Augustus and willingly paid tribute to Rome. Archaeology indicates increased trading and diplomatic links with the Roman Empire. Under Cunobelinus and his family the Catuvellauni appear to have become the dominant power in south-eastern Britain. His brother Epaticcus gained territory to the south and west at the expense of the Atrebates until his death ca AD 35.

Three sons of Cunobelinus are known to history. Adminius, whose power-base appears from his coins to have been in Kent, was exiled by his father shortly before AD 40 according to Suetonius, prompting the emperor Caligula to mount his abortive invasion of Britain. Two other sons, Togodumnus and Caratacus, are named by Dio Cassius. No coins of Togodumnus are known, but Caratacus's rare coins suggest that he followed his uncle Epaticcus in completing the conquest of the lands of the Atrebates. It was the exile of the Atrebatic king, Verica, that prompted Claudius to launch a successful invasion, led by Aulus Plautius, in AD 43.

Togodumnus and Caratacus led the initial resistance to the invasion in Kent. They were defeated by Plautius in two crucial battles on the rivers Medway (see Battle of the Medway) and Thames. He also tells us that the Bodunni, a tribe or kingdom who were tributary to the Catuvellauni, switched sides. This may be a misspelling of the Dobunni, who lived in Gloucestershire, and may give an indication of how far Catuvellaunian power extended.

http://en.wikipedia....ates_in_Britain
Cognate with Old Irish aittrebaid meaning 'inhabitant', Atrebates comes from proto-Celtic *ad-treb-a-t-es, 'inhabitants'. The Celtic root is treb- 'building', 'home' (cf. Old Irish treb 'building', 'farm', Welsh tref 'building', Middle Breton treff 'city', toponyms in Tre-, Provençal trevar 'to live in a house or in a village'),[3] which has been linked to the root of English thorpe, ‘village’

The Gaulish Atrebates lived in or around modern Artois in northern France. Their capital, Nemetocenna (later called Nemetacum or Nemetacon too. See Nemeton), is now the city of Arras, Pas-de-Calais. The place-name Arras is the result of a phonetic evolution from Atrebates and replaced the original name in Late Empire, according to a well-known tradition in Gaul (compare Paris, Amiens, Lisieux, Bayeux, etc.). Artois is the result of a different phonetic evolution from Atrebates.

In 57 BC they were part of a Belgic military alliance in response to Julius Caesar's conquests elsewhere in Gaul, contributing 15,000 men. Caesar took this build-up as a threat and marched against it, but the Belgae had the advantage of position and the result was a stand-off.[citation needed] When no battle was forthcoming the Belgic alliance broke up, determining to gather to defend whichever tribe Caesar attacked. Caesar subsequently marched against several tribes and achieved their submission.

The Atrebates then joined with the Nervii and Viromandui and attacked Caesar at the battle of the Sabis but were there defeated. After thus conquering the Atrebates, Caesar appointed one of their countrymen, Commius, as their king. Commius was involved in Caesar's two expeditions to Britain in 55 and 54 BC and negotiated the surrender of Cassivellaunus. In return for his loyalty he was also given authority over the Morini. However he later turned against the Romans and joined in the revolt led by Vercingetorix in 52 BC. After Vercingetorix's defeat at the Siege of Alesia, Commius had further confrontations with the Romans, negotiated a truce with Mark Antony, and ended up fleeing to Britain with a group of followers. However, he appears to have retained some influence in Gaul: coins of post-conquest date have been found stamped with his name, paired with either Garmanos or Carsicios, who may have been his sons or regents. [citation needed]

http://en.wikipedia....ribes_Towns.png
http://en.wikipedia....f_Celtic_tribes
http://en.wikipedia....e_British_Isles
http://en.wikipedia....peoples_of_Gaul

All Gaul is divided into three parts, one of which the Belgae inhabit, the Aquitani another, those who in their own language are called Celts, in ours Gauls, the third. All these differ from each other in language, customs and laws. The Garonne River separates the Gauls from the Aquitani; the River Marne and the River Seine separate them from the Belgae. Of all these, the Belgae are the bravest, because they are furthest from the civilisation and refinement of (our) Province, and merchants least frequently resort to them, and import those things which tend to effeminate the mind; and they are the nearest to the Germani, who dwell beyond the Rhine, with whom they are continually waging war; for which reason the Helvetii also surpass the rest of the Gauls in valour, as they contend with the Germani in almost daily battles, when they either repel them from their own territories, or themselves wage war on their frontiers. One part of these, which it has been said that the Gauls occupy, takes its beginning at the River Rhone; it is bounded by the Garonne River, the Atlantic Ocean, and the territories of the Belgae; it borders, too, on the side of the Sequani and the Helvetii, upon the River Rhine, and stretches toward the north. The Belgae rises from the extreme frontier of Gaul, extend to the lower part of the River Rhine; and look toward the north and the rising sun. Aquitania extends from the Garonne to the Pyrenees and to that part of the Atlantic (Bay of Biscay) which is near Spain: it looks between the setting of the sun, and the north star.

http://en.wikipedia...._of_the_Britons
the majority of the rulers listed below had their power base in Gwynedd in north Wales, most insular Brythonic areas from the 7th century on are to be found in the list below, from Dumnonia in southwest England, to Strathclyde in southwest Scotland.

Cunobelinus c.9-c.41 lands of the Trinovantes and Catuvellauni King of the Britons Suetonius perhaps retrospective
Cogidubnus mid-late 1st C. lands of the Regni, Atrebates, and Belgae Great King of the Britons (or perhaps: Great King of Britain) marble inscription at Chichester contemporary, self-description
(Roman occupation)
Vortigern mid 5th C. unknown King of the Britons (in c.449) Bede probably retrospective

http://upload.wikime...ia6hcentury.png
http://upload.wikime...ns_Picts_GB.png
http://en.wikipedia....ons_(historical)

They lived throughout Britain south of about the Firth of Forth; after the 5th century Britons also migrated to continental Europe, where they established the settlements of Brittany in France and the obscure Britonia in what is now Galicia, Spain. Their relationship to the Picts north of the Forth has been the subject of much discussion, though most scholars accept that the Pictish language during this time was a Brythonic language related to, but perhaps distinct from, British.

Throughout their existence, the territory inhabited by the Britons was composed of numerous ever-changing areas controlled by tribes. The extent of their territory before and during the Roman period is unclear, but is generally believed to include the whole of the island of Great Britain, as far north as the Clyde-Forth isthmus. The territory north of this was largely inhabited by the Picts, although a portion of it was eventually absorbed into the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata. The Isle of Man was originally inhabited by Britons also, but eventually it became Gaelic territory. Meanwhile, Ireland is generally believed to have been entirely Gaelic throughout this period.[citation needed]

In 43 the Roman Empire invaded Britain. The British tribes initially opposed the Roman legions, but by 84 the Romans had decisively conquered southern Britain and had pushed into what is now southern Scotland.

http://en.wikipedia....ings_of_Britain
After the death of Cadwallader, the kings of the Brythons were reduced to such a small domain that they ceased to be kings of the whole Brythonic-speaking area. Two of his relatives, Yvor and Yni, led the exiles back from Brittany, but were unable to re-establish a united kingship. The Anglo-Saxon invaders ruled the south-eastern part of the island of Great Britain, which would become England, after that point in time under the Bretwaldas and later the kings of England.

The heirs to the Celtic-British throne continued through the Welsh kings of Gwynedd until that line was forced to submit itself to the English in the 13th century. Princes and lords of Gwynedd ruled until the reign of Dafydd III, who ruled from 1282 to 1283. His death marked the end of the house of Brutus. Owen Tudor, grandfather of Henry VII of England, was a maternal descendant of the kings of Gwynedd; Henry's marriage with Elizabeth of York thus signified the merging of the two royal houses (as well as the feuding houses of York and Lancaster).

Heli (40 years)
Lud
Cassibelanus Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain (55-54 BC)
Tenvantius
Kimbelinus Augustus (30 B.C.-14 A.D), Jesus (3 B.C.-33 A.D.)
Guiderius Claudius's conquest of Britain (AD 43)
Arvirargus Claudius, Vespasian, Mark the Evangelist, Paul of Tarsus
Marius

http://www.earlybrit.../bios/bran.html
Bran Fendigaid alias Bendigeitvran Celtic God of Regeneration

Bran Fendigaid (the Blessed) was the son of the Sea God, Llyr and, maternally, the grandson of Belenos, the Sun God. His name means Raven, and this bird was his symbol. In Celtic mythology, Bran appears as a semi-humanized giant residing at Castell Dinas Bran, the later home of the later Kings of Powys. Though Bran himself was supposed to have been an early King of the Silures tribe of Gwent. There appears to be no archaeological evidence for his worship though perhaps the castle mount was once sacred to him. Geoffrey of Monmouth transformed him into an early British King named Brennius, though his story probably relates to King Bran Hen of Bryneich.

In the bloodiest of battles that ensued, the Irish were able to reincarnate their dead using the Magic Cauldron, so the fighting was harder than had ever been seen before. Eventually the battle was ended, but neither side was triumphant. Only seven Britons escaped alive. Bran was not amongst them. He had been mortally wounded in the foot by a poisoned dart, only surviving long enough to request that his head be cut off and buried on Gwynfryn (the 'White Mount' where the Tower of London now stands) in Caer-Lundein (London). Upon his death the harvests back in Britain failed and the land became barren and unworkable.

The seven survivors did as they were bid and returned to Britain. For seven years they stayed in Harlech, entertained by the head which continued to speak and knew nothing but joy and mirth. They later moved on to Gwales (Grassholm Island off Dyfed) where they lived for an incredible eighty years without perceiving the passing of time. Eventually, one of the men opened the door of the hall which faced Cornwall which everthing was brought back to them. They felt they must continue on their journey to London where their buried Bran's head, facing the Continent as a protective talisman against invasion.

Archaeological evidence has clearly shown that the cult of the head was a highly popular one amongst the Celts. Perhaps their was a temple on Tower Hill. Stone-carved heads have been discovered from across the Celtic World and, in Provence on the Continent, a gruesome skull-covered altar has been unearthed. Roman records occasionally refer to Celtic peoples as head-hunters who kept the severed heads of their enemies as trophies. A connected story may hold a memory of how this pagan cult was swept away when Christianity arrived in Britain. King Arthur apparently declared that he needed no talisman to protect his own country and dug up Bran's head as proof that he could perform the requirements himself.

http://www.mysteriou...he-blessed.html
A Welsh and Irish god of giant size who was the son of the sea god Mannannan Mac Lir. Bran had many heroic episodes, but was fatally injured during an excursion to Ireland to rescue his sister Branwen. Bran is an archetypal British Celtic hero, and it has been surmised that he is the root of the character known as the Fisher King from Arthurian romance.

http://www.earlybrit...ios/branbr.html
He was the son, probably the eldest, of King Dumnagual Moilmut and would have succeeded him in the early 6th century. Bran the Old, apparently lived to a great age but, despite this, nothing is known for certain about him. It is quite probable, however, that some elements of his life-story have entered the tale of Belinus & Brennius as told by Geoffrey of Monmouth. This story is an amalgam of various anecdotes concerning several men of similar names, mistakenly or otherwise, merged into a single character. Though transported back to a mythical period around 450 bc, Brennius is clearly named as the son of Dumnagual Moilmut and King of Northumberland (otherwise described as the land north of the Humber to Caithness).

http://www.angelfire...guide/bran.html

Real Name: Bendigeid Vran (translated as "Bran The Blessed")
Occupation: British Chieftain, Warrior, patron god of warriors and craftsmen
Legal Status: Citizen of First Century Britain
Identity: The general populace of Earth is unaware of Bran except as a semi-legendary being.
Other Aliases: The Raven
Place of Birth: possibly Harlech, England
Place of Death: possibly Tara, Ireland
Known Relatives: Llyr (father), Iweriadd (mother, deceased), Branwen (sister), Manawydan, Lodan (half-brothers), Efnisian, Nisian (half-brothers, deceased), Matholwych (brother in law, deceased), Gwern (nephew, deceased), Pwyll (uncle, deceased), Pryderi (cousin), Caractacus Arviragus (son, deceased), Beli Mawr (maternal grandfather, deceased), Brutus, Aenenas (ancestors, deceased), Arthur, Mordred (Fifth Century descendants, deceased)

http://www.earthwitchery.com/bran.html
Bran's sister, Branwen, is Goddess of the Land, and as such, she is Bran's reason for being. As Faery King and Guardian of the Cauldron of Rebirth, Bran is committed to his role as champion of Her cause. The Cauldron of Rebirth, originally from Ireland, has the power to bring dead warriors back to life and is a special symbol of the law and power of the land. In the story, Branwen marries Matholwch, the King of Ireland, in order to form a bond between Britain and Ireland.

 

[Comm.Arnold]

Noahs ark. God told Noah gather two of every animal, animals exist today, easiest argument ever.