The doctrine that Jesus endorses, is the doctrine of Ray Comfort: sin (the ten commandments), repentance (the conviction of the Holy Spirit), and substitution (of Christ's sacrifice, for our sin).
The scriptures this doctrine are based on are: "whoever sins is the slave of sin", "unless you repent, you shall all likewise perish", and "the Son of Man did not come to be served but to serve, and to give His life a ransom for many" (from memory, the gospels)
An atheist that doesn't think he sins won't repent, an atheist that doesn't repent won't accept sacrifice and an atheist that won't accept sacrifice won't change.
("these things are impossible with men, but with God all things are possible" pray!)