Here is a summary of citations I've been able to find from the pre-Nicene writers:
Irenaeus (circa 180 ad, Vol. 1 pg 558) and Tertullian (c. 210, Vol. 3, pgs 231, 455, 462, 565, 575) specifically wrote of the rapture. None of these citations contain a definitive statement regarding the timing of the rapture.
Of the Great Tribulation:
Hermas (c. 150 Vol 2 pg 11, 18), Irenaeus (vol 1.558, Hippolytus (c. 200 vol 5.179,190, 217), Tertullian (3.565), and Commodianus (c. 240, 4.212) wrote.
Hermas (Vol. 2 pg 11) said, “This beast is a type of the great tribulation that is coming. If then you prepare yourselves, repent with all your heart, and turn to the Lord, it will be possible for you to escape it.” This seems to me to come from a Pre-Trib view, but I don't consider it conclusive.
Irenaeus, Hippolytus, and Tertullian do not make definitive statements regarding the rapture in these citations. Commodianus speaks of those who will suffer under the antichrist in the third person, indicating that he did not identify with that group. Again, indicative, but not conclusive.
Writing of the antichrist:
We have Justin Martyr (c. 160, 1.253,254), Irenaeus (1.553, 554, 559, 560), Hippolytus (5.182, 184, 190, 206, 207, 214, 215), Tertullian (3.565), Commodianus (4.211), Origen (c. 248, 4.593), Cyprian (c. 250, 5.346, 349, 556), Victorinus (c. 280, 7.354, 356), and Lactantius (c. 304, 4.593-595, 5.204-219, 7.215).
Lactantius wrote a fair amount on this topic, and I have not completed reading what he wrote. From my brief survey, he stays rather generic on the identity of who it is that suffers under the antichrist, using such terms as “the righteous ones” and “the followers of truth”, I did find this that he wrote, that “two thirds of the worshippers of God will perish as well. But the third part, which will have proved faithful, will remain.” This seems to be in accord with Zechariah 13:8-9, of the Jews only. Justin Martyr identifies with those suffering under antichrist, saying “us Christians”. Cyprian does the same, saying “he will destroy us if we resist”. Commodianus speaks of antichrist’s dealings with the Jews only. The others do not make definitive statements.
The Woman Clothed in the Sun:
Hippolytus (5.217), Victorinus (7.355), and Methodias (c. 290, 6.336-337) wrote about this. Methodias and Victorinus allegorize this passage, to the point that it is not about the end of the age. Hippolytus and Victorinus both identify this person as the Church. Hippolytus is specific to say that it is the Church that is persecuted for 1260 days.
Some other relevant quotes:
Tatian (c. 160, vol 2 pg 67) “We believe that there will be a resurrection of bodies after the consumation of all things.”
Melito (c. 170, 8.755-756) “The just will be preserved from His anger.”
All in all, it seems to me that the general tone and trend of the pre-Nicene writers is towards post-trib rapture. But by post-trib, that's none of this pre-wrath stuff. They were, so much as I've been able to find, post-trib, post-wrath, post-armaggedon, post everything.
Now, with that being said, I would add . . .
- While oftentimes highly venerated, these writers were not writing Scripture. Only Scripture is Scripture. Their interpretations are the interpretations of men, just as ours are, and are to be vigorously compared with Scripture.
- Major doctrines of Christianity have taken some great lengths of time to become understood. Just working out the Trinity took a couple of hundred years. Kind of like, "What just happened???" Is there any wonder that eschatology (the study of last things) is the last major doctrine of Scripture to be worked out?.
- There are some fairly serious matters some of these people were flat out wrong about. Take, for instance, Irenaeus writing about church structure and 'government'. He basically imported the OT priesthood into the NT assembly.
- The collection of early church writings may or may not be actually representative of what the early church on the whole thought. These are simple the writings we have available today. It could be random sampling, and it could be cherry-picked. We don't actually know, nor can we know.
Personally, I think the primary value in reading this early church writers is to see what a mixed bag they were, just like we are today. So many had so many different ideas about things, just like we do. I think it's always interesting to get different points of view, and they had some
pretty different points of view!
Love in Christ,
Mark
On "Pseudo-Ephraim", of course being pseidopigrapha, we take it with grain of salt. And then there is the Syriac/Latin distinction, as the Latin appears to take a definite pre-trib stance, while the Syriac (quoted above) does not. But are we to now debate
which version of a
pseudopigrapha???
But the point is, a pre-trib statement exists long before Darby or Irving. But a greater point is, it doesn't really matter. What matters is,
Does the Bible teach it?
Love in Christ,
Mark
That doesn't show a really good grasp on prophetic understanding, either . . .
And that's also a common thread in these early church writers. They thought it was coming at that time, and was already happening. But it wasn't. These guys aren't really authoratative.
Only Scripture is Scripture.