Other points
I’ve been wrestling with this passage from various angles lately, and I want to add two observations from the broader biblical witness.
2) Bearing a sword is not inherently evil. Throughout the Old Testament, God Himself commands His people to bear arms in certain situations (e.g., the conquest narratives, the defensive wars in Judges and Kings). Angels are depicted with swords, and even the Law makes provisions for self-defense and protecting the innocent.
Taking an extreme pacifist stance that completely rejects any use of force can start drifting toward the old Marcionite heresy — the idea that the New Testament God is totally different from the Old Testament God. This creates a false disjunction in God’s character. Scripture shows continuity in God’s faithfulness, justice, and holiness across both Testaments. The New Covenant is an upgrade and fulfillment, not a total rejection of everything that came before.
3) The allegorical and practical layers from Church history. When we read the Church Fathers and early Christian commentary, we often see a stronger emphasis on pacifism in personal conduct, combined with rich allegorical interpretation: the Old Testament battles become pictures of spiritual warfare against sin, the devil, and the flesh — fought with prayer, fasting, Scripture, and the spiritual disciplines.
At the same time, the Fathers generally affirmed that God still ordains the sword in society today for restraining evil (see Romans 13). There’s a balance: Christians are called to a higher standard of love and non-retaliation in our personal lives (Matthew 5:38-44), while recognizing that governing authorities bear the sword as God’s servants.
Jesus’ words in Matthew 26:52 (“all who take the sword will perish by the sword”) carry that strong warning against living by violence, while Luke 22:36 shows a shift in circumstances once He would no longer be with them physically. Both truths can stand together without contradiction.