The Old Covenant faithful souls slain for the Word of God and their testimony were not crying out to God from heaven. They could not go to heaven after being killed until the promised One came to make atonement for sin and defeat death. These OC faithful souls cried out to God from the bosom of Abraham, which was what the place of the faithful dead was called in days of Old. (Lk 16:22-23)
The suggestion that the 5th seal martyrs are exclusively OC faithful waiting in Abraham's Bosom completely breaks down when we allow the Book of Revelation to define its own vocabulary.
John does not leave the nature of this testimony up to human speculation. The phrase the word of God and the testimony is John's specific, technical signature throughout the book for the Gospel of Jesus Christ.
Let’s let the text define itself.
The identity link in Revelation 1:9---John defines this exact phrase in the very first chapter when describing his own imprisonment on Patmos
Revelation 1:9I John, who also am your brother, and companion in tribulation, and in the kingdom and patience of Jesus Christ, was in the isle that is called Patmos, for the word of God, and for the testimony of Jesus Christ
John was not exiled for holding an OC shadow or waiting in Abraham's Bosom--he was exiled for preaching the historical, resurrected Jesus Christ. This is the exact same dual phrase used of the souls in Revelation 6:9---for the word of God, and for the testimony which they held
If there is any doubt about what the word testimony means in apocalyptic vision, the interpreting angel clearly defines it for us.
Revelation 19:10--I am thy fellowservant, and of thy brethren that have the testimony of Jesus: worship God: for the testimony of Jesus is the spirit of prophecy.
To hold the testimony is to bear witness to the completed, historical work of Jesus Christ.
This completely settles the matter. When we look at the parallel group sitting on the thrones at the beginning of the Millennium, John uses the exact same linguistic fingerprint to describe them.
Revelation 20:4---and I saw the souls of them that were beheaded for the witness(testimony)of Jesus, and for the word of God-------
The text dictates that the souls under the altar in Revelation 6 are martyred for the testimony of Jesus Christ. They are new covenant era martyrs---including those who die during the future tribulation period
Trying to force these souls back into an OC 3.5 year historical window between Christ's birth and the cross requires completely erasing John's own definitions of testimony, and forcing the beast's image into ancient history. The text plays out seamlessly---they die for Jesus, they are told to wait a little season, and they do not receive the ruling krima kingdom until the little horn beast is utterly destroyed in the burning flame.
testimony
marturia
mar-too-ree'-ah
from martuV - martus 3144; evidence given (judicially or genitive case):--record, report, testimony, witness.
Revelation 1:2 Who bare record of the word of God, and of the testimony(marturia) of Jesus Christ, and of all things that he saw
Revelation 1:9 I John, who also am your brother, and companion in tribulation, and in the kingdom and patience of Jesus Christ, was in the isle that is called Patmos, for the word of God, and for the testimony(marturia) of Jesus Christ.
Revelation 6:9 And when he had opened the fifth seal, I saw under the altar the souls of them that were slain for the word of God, and for the testimony(marturia) which they held:
Revelation 11:7 And when they shall have finished their testimony(marturia), the beast that ascendeth out of the bottomless pit shall make war against them, and shall overcome them, and kill them.
Revelation 12:11 And they overcame him by the blood of the Lamb, and by the word of their testimony(marturia); and they loved not their lives unto the death
Revelation 12:17 And the dragon was wroth with the woman, and went to make war with the remnant of her seed, which keep the commandments of God, and have the testimony(marturia) of Jesus Christ.
Revelation 19:10 And I fell at his feet to worship him. And he said unto me, See thou do it not: I am thy fellowservant, and of thy brethren that have the testimony(marturia) of Jesus: worship God: for the testimony(marturia) of Jesus is the spirit of prophecy.
Revelation 20:4 And I saw thrones, and they sat upon them, and judgment was given unto them: and I saw the souls of them that were beheaded for the witness(marturia) of Jesus, and for the word of God, and which had not worshipped the beast, neither his image, neither had received his mark upon their foreheads, or in their hands; and they lived and reigned with Christ a thousand years.
Every single one of these verses (marturia) is meaning the testimony of Jesus. But you want us to have it meaning the testimony of OC saints. When the little season happens in the future, not to be confused with satan's little season, 2K years will have preceded it. 2K years does not equal a little season by any means. 2K years is 1/3 of the amount of time since Adam. Therefore, plenty of time for there to already be numerous NT church era martyrs before the arrival of the little season meant in Revelation 6.
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Demographics of the Church Age: The Scale of Christian Martyrdom
If we look at church history from an objective, statistical standpoint, the claim that the fifth seal had to close in the first century because there "weren't enough New Covenant martyrs yet" completely falls apart under historical data.
Leading demographic researchers, including the
Center for the Study of Global Christianity (CSGC), estimate that approximately
70 million Christians have been martyred for their faith over the past 2,000 years.
Here is how those numbers break down across church history:
- The First 19 Centuries (AD 33–1900): An estimated 25 million believers laid down their lives. This includes the early Roman persecutions, the waves of martyrdom during the missionization of Europe, and the intense global conflicts of the Reformation eras.
- The 20th Century (1901–2000): Strikingly, the 20th century produced more martyrs than the previous 19 centuries combined. Approximately 45 million Christians were martyred, largely under oppressive, state-enforced secular regimes, communist purges, and fascist dictatorships (such as the Soviet gulags).
- The 21st Century (2001–Present): The phenomenon remains a massive, ongoing physical reality. Demographers estimate that roughly 1.9 million Christians have been killed for their faith since the turn of the century (averaging tens of thousands per year in highly hostile regions). In fact, a dedicated Vatican monitoring commission recently verified over 1,700 modern cases of explicit, individual martyrdom situations documented just since the year 2000.