More Astonishing Bible Proof - (Warning -Athiests- This Is Adult Sensitive Material)?

This makes up 2 sections, its far from a complete short, expanded, PDF & evidentually an Html, with maps, pictures, art, etc ... in sections side by side.
[Theres 5 sections so far and Timeline]

Time Keeping and Biblical Chronology [Add Mythology Mazzoroth Tribe Formations Priest Breastplate as another section]

http://en.wikipedia....antine_calendar
The World era is the common starting point of the astronomical lunar and solar cycles, and of the cycle of indictions, the usual dating system in Byzantium since the 6th century. He also already regards it as the most convenient for the Easter computus. Complex calculations of the 19-year lunar and 28-year solar cycles within this world era allowed scholars to discover the cosmic significance of certain historical dates, such as the birth of Christ or the Crucifixion.

Hours of the liturgical day - In the Byzantine period the day was divided into two 12-hour cycles fixed by the rising and setting of the sun. "Following Roman custom, the Byzantines began their calendrical day (nychthemeron) at midnight with the first hour of day (hemera) coming at dawn. The third hour marked midmorning, the sixth hour noon, and the ninth hour midafternoon. Evening (hespera) began at the 11th hour, and with sunset came the first hour of night (apodeipnon). The interval between sunset and sunrise (nyx) was similarly divided into 12 hours as well as the traditional "watches" (vigiliae) of Roman times."

Days of the liturgical week - Dr. Marcus Rautman points out that the seven-day week was known throughout the ancient world. The Roman Calendar had assigned one of the planetary deities to each day of the week. The Byzantines naturally avoided using these Latin names with their pagan echoes. They began their week with the "Lord's Day" (Kyriake), followed by an orderly succession of numbered days: Deutera ("2nd"), Trite ("3rd"), Tetarte ("4th"), and Pempte ("5th"), a day of "preparation" (Paraskeve), and finally Sabatton. Kyriake was seen as both the first and eighth day of the week, in the same way that Christ was the alpha and omega of the cosmos, existing both before and after time.

Principal considerations for the Byzantine calendar
Genesis creation myth.
Solar cycle (calendar) (28-year solar cycle).
Metonic cycle (19 year lunar cycle).
Indiction (15 year indiction cycle).
Easter Computus. [Venus]
Coptic calendar (March 25, 5493 BC)

Byzantine Church calculation - September 1, 5509 BCE
Roman Theophilus chronology "from the foundation of the world" to emperor Marcus Aurelius 5529 BC
James Ussher (1654) - October 23, 4004 BCE
Britain's Bede in his work "On Time" (703AD) dated creation to 18 March 3952 BC
Judaism - September 22 or March 29, 3760 BCE

http://en.wikipedia....Dating_Creation
Two dominant dates for creation using such models exist, about 5500 BC and about 4000 BC. These were calculated from the genealogies in two versions of the Bible, with most of the difference arising from two versions of Genesis. The older dates are based on the Greek Septuagint. The later dates are based on the Hebrew Masoretic text. The patriarchs from Adam to Terah, the father of Abraham, were often 100 years older when they begat their named son in the Septuagint than they were in the Hebrew or the Vulgate (Genesis 5, 11). The net difference between the two genealogies of Genesis was 1466 years (ignoring the "second year after the flood" ambiguity), which is virtually all of the 1500-year difference between 5500 BCE and 4000 BCE.

For example, the period of Creation to the Flood is derived using the genealogical table of the ten patriarchs listed in Genesis 5, and 7:6, called the generations of Adam. According to the Masoretic Text, this period consists of 1,656 years, and this dating is also followed by Western Christian Bibles derived from the Latin Vulgate. However, according to the Samaritan texts the period is 1,307 years, and according to the Septuagint (Codex Alexandrinus, Elizabeth Bible) it is 2,262 years

http://en.wikipedia....wiki/Anno_Mundi
http://en.wikipedia....ne_of_the_Bible

The chronology of the Bible is the elaborate system of genealogies, generations, reign-periods, and other means by which Hebrew Bible measures the passage of time and thus give a chronological framework to biblical history from the Creation until the historical kingdoms of Israel and Judah.

The "Masoretic" AM dates given below are those traditionally used by Rabbinic Judaism and found in Seder Olam Rabbah. The Gregorian date of Creation is generally given as 3761 BCE, based on the Jewish reckoning. However, a year of 3925 BCE is sometimes given. The deviation of about 163 years is explained in the article Missing years (Jewish calendar).

The "Septuagint" AM dates are based on the Byzantine World Era (based on the Septuagint), which placed the date of creation on the 1st of September in 5509 BCE (to the Julian Calendar).

Chronology - Timeline of the Biblical Patriarchs
http://www.spiritres..._Patriarchs.htm
There are three main texts of the Old Testament, each giving a different chronology.
1. Septuagint [- LXX]

a Greek translation of the Old Testament made in the third century BC. It is so named because it was made by 70 men, or by some accounts 72 with 6 from each tribe. According to legend, these scholars worked independently and produced translations that miraculously agreed verbatim. It was universally regarded by Christians and Jews alike as the Old Testament until several centuries after Christ. The writers of the New Testament reled on it and often quoted it verbatim, and chronologists based their ancient dates upon it. Then the Jews, disliking its association with Christianity, retranslated it to be less favorable to Christianity and gradually abandoned it. Western Christians began using the Latin Vulgate, based on Hebrew rather than Greek texts, as variations began toChristianity and gradually abandoned it. Western Christians began using the Latin Vulgate, based on Hebrew rather than Greek texts, as variations began to creep into the copies of the Septuagint, but Eastern Christians, who spoke Greek for centuries more, continued using the Septuagint.

2. Samaritan [-
an obscure and relatively uninfluential Hebrew text of the Pentateuch (first 5 Old Testament books) preserved quite independently by the Jews of Samaria who arrived just after the northern kingdom was captured and carried away. These Samaritans rejected the authority of the southern kingdom of Judah and all the scriptures after the Pentateuch, and thus we have their separate version.

3. Masoretic [- MSS]
a Hebrew text meticulously compiled by Jewish scholars between the sixth and tenth centuries, with numerous devices to ensure that no transcriptive error could go undetected. Most Western Bibles, including the King James, have been translated from the Masoretic text or from St. Jerome's Latin Vulgate, which in turn drew mainly from it. The Jews consider this text to be the true, original Old Testament, and most modern scholars are strongly biased in its favor, despite the millennium of precedence of the Septuagint. It is said that these Hebrew scriptures were smuggled out of Jerusalem during the Roman siege of AD 70 by a priest hiding in a coffin, and when he escaped they were later copied and compiled for the first time into the modern Old Testament, with the apocrypha rejected as non-canonical and removed.

Where to find this data in Genesis
Adam to Noah, Gen. 5:1-32
Noah to Shem, Gen. 5:32, 7:6, 8:13, 9:28-29, 11:10
Shem to Terah, Gen. 11:10-26
Terah to Abraham, Gen 11:26, 11:32 (cf. Gen. 12:4, Acts 7:4)
Abraham, Gen. 16:16, 17:17, 21:5, 25:7
Isaac, Gen. 21:5, 25:26, 35:28
Jacob, Gen. 25:26, 47:28

[Some Considerations]
Methuselah: Other LXX texts give F = 167, but if his were correct, he would have died 14 years after the Flood.
Noah: Regarding the extra 2 years, compare Genesis 5:32, 7:6, and 11:10.
Arphachshad: Other LXX texts give L = 535 or 565.
Cainan: He is omitted from the [Samaritan & Masoretic Texts], [referenced in] Luke 3:36.
Eber: Other LXX texts give L = 404.
Nahor: Other LXX texts give F = 179, L = 304.

Terah is variously given as 70 or 130 (with corresponding change in L). 130 has historically been favored, but a majority of modern scholars favor 70.

There are of course still other variations within each text. It is assumed that there is no cumulative error from rounding ages to a whole year (or perhaps in some cases to the nearest 5 or 10 years). Old Testament chronology is used as a basis for calculating the age of the world, reckoning dates from creation are said to be anno mundi (AM), or in the year of the world, on the model of anno domini (AD), in the year of the Lord. In Latin years are numbered beginning with 1, so that 1 BC is immediately followed by AD 1. Among these many computations, the following BC dates for the creation have gained popular acceptance:

3760 BC Jewish Era (Tevit) (based on Masoretic) [Low Chronology]
4004 BC Ussher (based on Masoretic) [Samaritan like Dating - Middle Chronology]
5499 BC Africanus, Sextus Julius (3rd century AD),
5501 BC Hippolytus of Thebes (based on Septuagint)
5508 BC Byzantine Era (based on Septuagint) [High Chronology]

The chronology of the Biblical patriarchs, from Adam to Jacob, according to each of these three texts is given in the following table.

[Septuagint versions vary using Alexandrine text]
L = [Age] length of life.
F = [Age of begetting, fatherhood, birth] of next patriarch
B = Birth (anno mundi) [High, Mid, Low Chronology]
D = Death (anno domini) [High, Mid, Low Chronology] {* Change Mundi to Domini *}

Swing Draft Septuagent Samaritan Masoretic
Patriarch
Stuff Goes Here ->

[All Versions are compared against, but from the time Jesse begets David circa 1071 to the time of Hezekiah about 700 BC the Masoretic or Low Chronology is used. Ussher, Samaritan & Middle Chronology is used from the periods of Samuel, Saul & David to the Merneptah Steele circa 1209, forward then to the Early Judges, the Tribes in the Widerness Period, ending in a brief period of revolt (1476) to an Exodus around 1453-1426 BC. Any Time Approxiamately Dating to the Hyksos Period is a Mix of Septuagent, Samaritan & Masoretic]

A Timeline of Bronze to Iron History.rtf
Dark Bronze to Middle Iron Age ... Expanded Version 00

[Swing Draft for High, Mid & Low Chrono's]
(A Good Division of Times, Peoples, Places)
Late Bronze to Early Iron Man Age (1645-700)

k. Dark Bronze Age 1645-1400 (245 years) [Mostly Circa like Dating, Some Dates vary widely between High, Middle and Low Chronologies]
k. Late Bronze Age 1399-1180 (219 years) [Many Dates vary between High, Middle and Low Chronology; The Most Confused Time, Aged-Wise]
k. Early Iron Aged 1179-0936 (243 years) [Dates moderately taper down from High to Low Chronologies varying just a few years at the end]
k. Middle Iron Age 0935-0700 (235 years) [Dates correspond more closely to the year; High, Middle and Low Chronology match more closely]

http://en.wikipedia....s_and_artifacts)
Middle Bronze MB III = 1750–1550 BC (formerly MB IIC)
Late Bronze (LB) Age = 1550–1200 BC
Late Bronze LB I = 1550–1400 BC
Late Bronze LB II = 1400–1200 BC
Iron Age: 1200-586 BC
Iron Age Iron I = 1200–1000 BC
Iron Age Iron IIA = 1000-930 BC
Iron Age Iron IIB = 930-721 BC
Iron Age Iron IIC = 721-586 BC

LEGEND-DATES
a. = Approxiamate Dating
b. = Relative Bible Chronology
c. = Circa, ca, Datings
k. = My Added Datings
x. = Had no Circa Dating
" [] = My Comments "

Late Bronze Age 1399-1180 (219) [Many Dates vary between High, Middle and Low Chronology; The Most Confused Time, Aged-Wise]

x. 1278 BC—Ramesses II defeats the Shardana sea pirates.

x. 1274 the Battle of Kadesh Ramesses II later attempted unsuccessfully to alter this situation in his fifth regnal year by launching an attack on Kadesh in his Second Syrian campaign in 1274 BC, and was caught in history's first recorded military ambush, but thanks to the arrival of the Ne'arin, Ramesses was able to rally his troops and turn the tide of battle against the Hittites. Ramesses II later profited from the Hittites' internal difficulties during his eighth and ninth regnal years, when he campaigned against their Syrian possessions, capturing Kadesh and portions of Southern Syria, and advancing as far north as Tunip where no Egyptian soldier had been seen for 120 years. He ultimately accepted that a campaign against the Hittites was an unsupportable drain on Egypt's treasury and military.[4] In his 21st regnal year, Ramesses signed the first recorded peace treaty with Urhi-Teshub's successor, Hattusili III and with that act Egypt-Hittite relations improved significantly. Ramesses II even married two Hittite princesses, the first after his second Sed Festival.

x. 1274 BC-The Battle of Kadesh (or Battle of Qadesh) in Syria, regarded as the largest (5–6,000) chariot vs. chariot battle in antiquity. The end of the Battle of Kadesh was followed by some 15 years of border warfare ended by the signing of the earliest known peace treaty between the Hittites and Egyptians, the Treaty of Qadesh.

x. 1274 BC-Shalmaneser I becomes King of the Assyrian Empire.
a. 1267 BC-One of the three estimated dates of the Birth of Herakles in Thebes, Greece.
c. 1263 BC—Ramses II, king of ancient Egypt, and Hattusilis III, king of the Hittites, sign the earliest known peace treaty.
x. 1263 BC—The approximate date traditionally offered for the Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt under the leadership of Moses.
c. 1260–1235 BC Ammittamru II King of Ugarit Contemporary of Bentisina of Amurru, Son of Niqmepa
c. 1259 BC—Ramesses II makes peace agreement with the Hittites (other date is 1263 BC).

b. 1253 BC-Ehud died, judged Israel for 80 years. [Jud 3:29] After Ehud died the children of Israel again did evil in the sight of the Lord. So the Lord sold them into the hand of King Jabin of Canaan who harshly oppressed them for 20 years. [Jud 4:1-3] And after him was Shamgar the son of Anath, which slew of the Philistines six hundred men with an ox goad: and he also delivered Israel. [Jdg 3:31]

x. 1251 BC—September 7, A solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes, Greece.
x. 1250 BC—Traditional date of the beginning of the Trojan War.
x. 1250 BC—Wu Ding emperor of Shang Dynasty to 1192 BC.
c. 1250 BC—Lion Gate, Mycenae, Greece, are made. Citadel walls are built.
b. 1240 BC-Deborah and Barak judge Israel, military campaigns in Qedesh, according to Judges 4:6–10.
a. 1240 Jael assassinates Sisera, a retreating general who was the enemy of the Israelites, according to Judges 5:23–27.
c. 1235–1225/20 Ibiranu King of Ugarit addressee of the letter of Piha-walwi

b. 1233 BC-After 20 years in bondage to Jabin King of Canaan who harshly oppressed them, Shamgar the son of Anath, who slew 600 Philistines with an ox goad delivered Israel. [Jdg 3:31]

b. 1233 BC-The children of Israel cried out to the Lord, He sends Deborah, a prophetess, who was judging Israel at that time. Deborah, Barak and Jael defeat King Jabin of Canaan and his army. [Jud 4:4-24]

x. 1231 BC—King Telephus of Mysia is born in Arcadia (estimated date of birth).
x. 1230 BC—Battle of Nihriya
x. 1225 BC—Birth of legendary Helen to King Tyndareus of Sparta and his wife Leda. (estimated date).
c. 1225/20 – 1215 BC Niqmaddu III King of Ugarit
x. 1224 BC—Death of Ramesses II of Egypt.
x. 1221 BC—Pharaoh Merneptah defeats a Libyan invasion.
x. 1213–1203 BC—Merneptah Stele makes the earliest recorded mention of Israel.
x. 1212 BC–1202-Merneptah, Pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt
x. 1212 BC_1201-19th Dynasty Merneptah (Banenre) Thebes-KV8

x. 1213 BC—Theseus, legendary King of Athens, is deposed and succeeded by Menestheus, great-grandson of Erechtheus and second cousin of Theseus' father Aegeus. Menestheus is reportedly assisted by Castor and Polydeuces of Sparta, who want to reclaim their sister Helen from her first husband Theseus. The latter seeks refuge in Skyros, whose King Lycomedes is an old friend and ally. Lycomedes, however, considers his visitor a threat to the throne and proceeds to assassinate him (though other accounts place these events a decade later, in the 1200s BC).

x. 1213 BC—Ramesses II dies (other date is 1212 BC).
x. 1212 BC—Death of Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses the Great.
x. 1210 BC—Accession of legendary Magadhan king Subrata of the Brihadrata dynasty.
x. 1209 BC-Merneptah Stele

x. 1204 BC—Theseus, legendary King of Athens, is deposed after a reign of 30 years and succeeded by Menestheus, great-grandson of Erichthonius II of Athens and second cousin of Theseus' father Aegeus. Menestheus is reportedly assisted by Castor and Polydeuces of Sparta, who want to reclaim their sister Helen from her first husband Theseus. Theseus seeks refuge in Skyros, whose King Lycomedes is an old friend and ally. Lycomedes, however, considers his visitor a threat to the throne and proceeds to assassinate him. (Other accounts place these events a decade earlier. 1210s BC.)

x. 1202 BC–1199 BC Amenemses, Pharaoh of the 19th Dynasty of Egypt
x. 1201 BC-The 19th dynasty declined as internal fighting between the heirs of Merneptah for the throne increased.
x. 1201 BC_1195-19th Dynasty Seti II (Userkheperure) Thebes-KV15 (consorts Twosret, Takhat)

c. 1200 BC-Ammurapi King of Ugarit Contemporary of Chancellor Bay of Egypt. Ugarit is destroyed. A cuneiform tablet found in 1986 shows that Ugarit was destroyed after the death of Merneptah (1203 BC). It is generally agreed that Ugarit had already been destroyed by the 8th year of Ramesses III (1178 BC). Whether Ugarit was destroyed before or after Hattusa, the Hittite capital, is debated. The destruction is followed by a settlement hiatus. Many other Mediterranean cultures were deeply disordered just at the same time, apparently by invasions of the mysterious "Sea Peoples."

c. 1200 BC-Hazor shows signs of catastrophic fire, and cuneiform tablets found at the site refer to monarchs named Ibni Addi, where Ibni may be the etymological origin of Yavin (Jabin). The city also show signs of having been a magnificent Canaanite city prior to its destruction, with great temples and opulent palaces, split into an upper acropolis, and lower city; the town evidently had been a major Canaanite city. According to the Book of Judges Hazor was the seat of Jabin, the king of Canaan, whose commander, Sisera, led a Canaanite army against Barak [and Deborah]. During the Egyptian Second Intermediate Period and early New Kingdoms (together running between 18th century BC and 13th century BC), Canaan was an Egyptian vassal state; thus 14th century documents, from the El Amarna archive in Egypt, describe the king of Hazor (in Amarna letters called Hasura); specifically report[ing] that Hasura's king has gone over to the Habiru who were invading Canaan. In these documents, Hazor is described as an important city in Canaan. Hazor is also mentioned in the Execration texts, that pre-date the Amarna letters, and in 18th century BCE documents found in Mari on the Euphrates River. Some archaeologists suspect the reason for the destruction of Hazor could be civil strife, attacks by the Sea Peoples, and/or a result of the general collapse of civilisation across the whole eastern Mediterranean in the Late Bronze Age

x. 1200 BC_1196-19th Dynasty Amenmesse (Menmire-Setepenre) Thebes-KV10 apparently usurped the throne from Merneptah's son and successor, Seti II, but he ruled Egypt for only 4 years.
c. 1200 BC—The Cimmerians start settling the steppes of southern Russia? (Undocumented conjecture). [Note: alot of migratory]
x. 1200 BC—Collapse of Hittite power in Anatolia with the destruction of their capital Hattusa.
c. 1200 BC—Start of Iron Age in Middle East
c. 1200 BC—Chariots appear in Ancient China.
c. 1200 BC—Earliest writing that survived exists in Ancient China.
c. 1200 BC—Aramaic Nomads and Chaldeans become a big threat to the former Babylonian and Assyrian Empire.
c. 1200 BC—Massive migrations of people around the Mediterranean and the Middle-East. See Sea People for more information.
c. 1200 BC-Olmec culture starts in Mesoamerica.
c. 1200 BC-San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán starts to flourish.
c. 1200 BC-Chinese Oracle bone script and bronze inscriptions finds.

c. 1200 BC_1000- The Iron Age in the Levant begins, iron tools came into use. It is also known as the Israelite period. This period marks the weakening of regional empires and the strengthening of local powers such as the Kingdom of Israel (in Samaria), Kingdom of Judah, [Phoenicia, Damascus, Trans-Jordanes] and the Philistine city-states.

k. 1200 BC_1100-An ancient well that functioned as a telescope was found at Garlo village, Bulgaria. The device and its function as a welled telescope is analogical to contemporary reflector telescopes used for scientific purposes in observation of the stars (Hubble). The observed object (star or constellation) could be seen through the sky opening in the upper part of the chamber. On the bottom of the chamber just bellow the sky opening there used to a parabolic metal mirror made from copper, silver and or gold. It is possible that the mirror was submerged in water, while the observed object in the sky was reflected. The astronomer then performed his scientific calculations on the radial platform, and through his observation could predict the location and movement of celestial objects throughout the year. Similar wells we can find also in; Keos Island, Greece: The Greek colony of Pantikapei? probably Kerch, Crimea: Tunis: and throughout Sardinia which has approximately 100 wells.

x. 1197 BC—The beginning of first period (1197 BC–982 BC) by Sau Yung's concept of the I Ching and history.

x. 1196 BC- Seti regained power and destroyed most of Amenmesse's monuments. Seti was served at Court by Chancellor Bay, who was originally just a 'royal scribe' but quickly became one of the most powerful men in Egypt gaining the unprecedented privilege of constructing his own tomb in the Valley of the Kings (KV17). Both Bay and Seti's chief wife Twosret reportedly had a sinister reputation in Ancient Egyptian folklore.

x. 1195 BC_1189-19th Dynasty Siptah (Sekhaenre/Akheperre) 1189 - 1187 Thebes-KV47
x. 1194 BC—The beginning of the legendary Trojan War.
b. 1194 BC-Gideon becomes judge

b. 1193 BC-Israel had rest for 40 years, Deborah dies, again the children of Israel did evil in the sight of the Lord. So He delivered them into the hand of Midian for 7 years. [Jud 5:31; 6:1]
x. 1192 BC—Wu Ding king of Shang Dynasty died.
x. 1191 BC—Menestheus, Athens, dies in the Trojan War after a reign of 23 years, succeeded by Demophon, a son of Theseus. (see 1181 BC)

x. 1189 BC_1187-19th Dynasty Queen Twosret (Sitre-MerenamunThebes) KV14 After Siptah's death Twosret ruled Egypt for two more years, but she proved unable to maintain her hold on power amid the conspiracies and powerplays being hatched at the royal court. She was likely ousted in a revolt led by Setnakhte, founder of the Twentieth Dynasty.

x. 1187 BC_1064-Many of the pharaohs of the 20th Dynasty were buried in the Valley of the Kings in Thebes (designated KV). Pharaoh Setnakhte was likely already middle aged when he took the throne after Queen Twosret. He only ruled for a short time when he was succeeded by his son Ramesses III. The period of these rulers is notable for the beginning of the systematic robbing of the Royal Tombs. Many surviving administrative documents from this period are records of investigations and punishment for these crimes, especially in the reigns of Ramses IX and Ramses XI. As happened under the earlier Nineteenth Dynasty, this group struggled under the effects of the bickering between the heirs of Ramesses III.

x. 1187 BC_1185 -20th Dynasty Setnakhte Userkhaure BC Thebes-KV14 Tiy-merenese.
x. 1186 BC—End of the Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt, start of the Twentieth Dynasty.
b. 1186 BC-Israel was greatly impoverished because of the Midianites, and the children of Israel cried out to the Lord. the Lord sent Gideon and he defeated the Midianites with 300 men.

x. 1185 BC_1153--20th Dynasty Ramesses III Thebes KV11 (consort [Iset Ta-Hemdjert] Tiye) Egypt was threatened by the Sea Peoples during this time period, but Ramesses III was able to defeat this confederacy from the Near East [NE??]. The king is also known for a harem conspiracy in which Queen Tiye attempted to assassinate the king and put her son Pentawere on the throne. The coup was not successful in the end. The king may have died from the attempt on his life, but it was his legitimate heir Ramesses IV who succeeded him to the throne. After this a succession of kings named Ramesses take the throne, but none would truly achieve greatness.

x. 1184 BC-April 24, Traditional date of the fall of Troy.
x. 1182 BC-a desperate letter of Ammurapi, the last king of Ugarit, Peoples of the Sea destroy both Ugarit and Alasiya (Cyprus).
x. 1181 BC—Menestheus, legendary king of Athen's in the Trojan War is succeeded by his nephew Demophon, a son of Theseus. (see 1191 BC).
c. 1180 BC—Invaders razed Hattusa causing the collapse of the Hittite Empire
x. 1180 BC—1178 Collapse of the Hittite Empire. Their capital, Hattusa, falls around or slightly after 1180 BC.

Early Iron Age 1179-936 (243) [Dates moderately taper down from High to Low Chronologies varying just a few years at the end]

x. 1178 BC-April 16, A solar eclipse occurs. [Note: @6 years?] This may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom after the Trojan War. He discovers a number of suitors competing to marry his wife Penelope, whom they believe to be a widow, in order to succeed him on the throne. He organizes their slaying and re-establishes himself on the throne. The date is surmised from a passage in Homer's Odyssey, which reads, "The Sun has been obliterated from the sky, and an unlucky darkness invades the world." This happens in the context of a new moon and at noon, both necessary preconditions for a full solar eclipse. In 2008, to investigate, Dr Marcelo O. Magnasco, an astronomer at Rockefeller University, and Constantino Baikouzis, of the Observatorio Astrónomico de La Plata in Argentina, looked for more clues. Within the text, they interpreted three definitive astronomical events: there was a new moon on the day of the slaughter (as required for a solar eclipse); Venus was visible and high in the sky six days before; and the constellations Pleiades and Boötes were both visible at sunset 29 days before. Since these events recur at different intervals, this particular sequence should be unique: the doctors found only one occurrence of this sequence while searching between 1250 and 1115 BC, the 135-year spread around the putative date for the fall of Troy. It coincided with the eclipse of April 16, 1178 BC.

x. 1178 BC-The Battle of Djahy (Canaan) between Ramesses III and the Sea Peoples.
a. 1178 BC-Egyptian decline in power of the New Kingdom and in the Levant during the Bronze Age collapse.

Amurru, Hyksos, Habiru - Just tellin it like it is!

Yes I know, I have added anything of Troy's [Amazing?!?] or Gog-Magog Hill 1200 BC or Zoroastrian Dating, etc ... ^

http://en.wikipedia....iki/Thutmose_II
Manetho's Epitome has been a debated topic among Egyptologists with little consensus given the small number of surviving documents for his reign, but a 13-year reign is preferred by older scholars while newer scholars prefer a shorter 3-4 year reign for this king due to the minimal amount of scarabs and monuments attested under Thutmose II. It is still possible to estimate when Thutmose II's reign would have begun by means of a heliacal rise of Sothis in Amenhotep I's reign, which would give him a reign from 1493 BC to 1479 BC, although uncertainty about how to interpret the rise also permits a date from 1513 BC to 1499 BC, and uncertainty about how long Thutmose I ruled could also potentially place his reign several years earlier still. Nonetheless, scholars generally assign him a reign from 1493 or 1492 to 1479.

Hyksos, Amalek ... ^
Egypt, Meso, Asher ... Kassites, [Issa]Asher[Dan]
Ugarit, Hittites [Luwain] , etc ---
Other Nations, Peoples Zarah, Myceani, Sargazdans to - >
Thutmose II 1493–1479 BC (disputed)
Thutmose III 1479–1425 BC
Hatshepsut 1479 [or 1476]–1458 BC [Moses' Egyptian Mother?]
1479-1476 some portions of Amu, Habiru, Canaan, Sea Peoples revolt? [High Chronology]
1458-1443 Exodus, Revolt, Both [Megiddo] ?? [Middle Chronology]
1429-1395 Wilderness, Exit Sinai-Arab-Cush-Midian, Enter Canaan? {Low Chronology]
Amenhotep II 1427–1401 BC or 1397
the Sea Peoples, Habiru's focuses, Canaanitish Kings, Early Judges Period [Jethro] - >

http://en.wikipedia....wiki/Hatshepsut
Hatshepsut could have assumed power as early as 1512 BC, or, as late as 1479 BC. A jar was discovered in situ by a 1935–1936 Metropolitan Museum of Art expedition on a hillside near Thebes—was stamped with the seal of the 'God's Wife Hatshepsut' while two jars bore the seal of ' The Good Goddess Maatkare. ' The dating of the amphorae, "sealed into the [tomb's] burial chamber by the debris from Senenmut's own tomb," is undisputed which means that Hatshepsut was acknowledged as the king of Egypt by Year 7 of her reign.

Outta Place Artifactual Dates [A few examples - no description for yet, see CONCLUSIONS and possible explanations, remedies below ??]

Some key synchronisms: [NO: SOME KEY DISCREPANCIES]
[Ugarit, Idrimi, Alasakh, Hurrians, Mitanni, Nike, Didymus, Ionians, Ahriman, Tushratta, Burnaburiash, Amenhotep III, Shusu, Assyria, Meso]

Egypt - At least as far back as the reign of Thutmose I, Egypt took a strong interest in the ancient Near East.
At times they occupied portions of the region, a favor returned in later days by the Assyrians.

Amenhotep III (Amenophis III) marries the daughter of Shuttarna II of Mitanni.
There is also a record of messages from the pharaoh to Kadashman-Enlil I of Babylon in the Amarna Letter (EA1-5).

Other Amarna letters link Amenhotep III to Burnaburiash II of Babylon (EA6) and Tushratta of Mitanni (EA17-29) as well.
Akhenaten (aka Amenhotep IV) married the daughter of Tushratta of Mitanni (as did his father Amenhotep III), leaving a number of records on the matter.
Akhenaten also corresponded with Burnaburiash II of Babylon (EA7-11,15), and Ashuruballit I of Assyria (EA15-16)

"The Hebrews did live pretty much in a territory directly in the crosshairs of Babylon, Assyria, Egypt and the Hittites, giving them a front row seat to actions in the area ... Mainly of use in the 1st millennium [??]"

Ugarit-Ras Shamra and Conventional vs Revised Chronology
Evidence Between the 15th/14th to 9th/8th Centuries
Examples of Half Millenium Duplications of around 1000-700 BC

[For the general scientific community], the library of Ras-Shamra-Ugarit and its connection with Egypt at the end of the 18th Dynasty was firmly established. Some large tablets are lexicons, bilingual and even trilingual. On some of the tablets there is a "copyright" mark: it is a statement that these tablets were made at the order of Nikmed, king of Ugarit. The similarity between the name Nikomedes, which was regarded as an Ionian name, and the name of the King of Ugarit, Nikmed, was to them so obvious that, after deciphering the name of the king, two scholars (Hrozny and Dhorme), working independently, related it to the Greek name. Other scholars (Claude Schaeffer, 1898-1982), however, rejected this equation of the name of King Nikmed with Nikomedes of the Greeks, asking how an Ionian name could have been in use in the 14th century BC. Those who had decided on the Greek connection were unable to defend their position against the mathematics of conventional chronology at that time.

Ugarit a maritime commercial city; its population was composed of various ethnic groups. One document found there describes the expulsion of King Nikmed and all the foreign groups in the city. Among them were people of Alasia (Cyprus), Khar (explained to be Hurrites), and Jm'an. The last name was identified by the decipherers as `Jamanu', which is well known from the Assyrian inscriptions, and means `Ionians'. The interpretation of `Jm'an' as `Ionians' was disputed for no other reason than that in the 14th century a reference to Ionians would have been impossible. In the same inscription, at a point were the names of the expelled are repeated, the name `Didyme' [is substitued for it several times]. The decipherers took it to be the name of the city of Didyma in Ionia. This city is well known for its cult of Apollo Didymeus.

Chronology could not square the evidence with the Ionian names of Nikomed, or the name of the Ionian city of Didyma, or the Greek cult of the god of that city, or the very name `Ionians' in the Ras Shamra texts - but all these were there!!! No explanation was given in place of the rejected theory about an Ionian colony from the city of Didyma near Milet in Ionia that came to Ugarit and was expelled from there together with the king of Ionian origin, Nikmed. It could only be stated that there was not a grain of probability in such a reading of the texts belonging to the middle of the second millenium.

Excavators found that the intact burial vaults of Ugarit with arched ceilings supposedly of the 15th-14th century BC looked just like those found near Enkomi on Cyprus belonging to the 8th and 7th century BC. "Those in Cyprus were considerably later and continue down to the 8th and 7th centuries..." according to the Swedish excavators. 10 Examples are (1) an obsidian jar bound with gold which is exactly similar to jars found in a 12th Dynasty tomb at Dashur, Egypt. It is inscribed with the word `tpt', `quality oil'; the lid bears the cartouches of Amenemhet III. (2) The lid of the gold-embellished obsidian box is inlaid with the titles of Amenemhet IV in silver hieroglyphs, as found in the Royal Tombs of Byblos. (3) The sepulchral chambers of Ugarit influenced the architecture of sepulchral chambers on Cyprus - but not until more than 600 years had elapsed. (4) The naval catalogue of Ugarit reappeared in the epic creations of Homer "A Brief Section of Homer's Catalog of Ships" after an interlude of several centuries. (5) Jewels identical with those of Ugarit were worn by the ladies in Jerusalem 600 or 700 years after the destruction of Ugarit by conventional dating. (6) The discovery of the tomb of Ahiram in 1922 by Pierre Montet, [one of 9] royal tombs containing funerary gifts of Amenemhet III of the 12th Dynasty.The tomb of Ahiram was the most important one because of the ornate sarcophagus of Ahiram where Ithobaal, his son, had buried his father. This sarcophagus along the edge of the lid, [bears] an inscription in Phoenician alphabet. From this we can say that Byblos had a long history lasting at least for 1000 years. (7) In the same room with the sarcophagus was also a vase found bearing a cartouche of Pharaoh Ramses II.

[As you] can see conventional historians could not help but being puzzled by which script to regard as more ancient. (8) Besides the coffin and the vase there was also another alabaster fragment found with the cartouche of Ramses II, (9) an ivory plaque evaluated by R. Dussaud as of Mycenaen age (10) and most importantly pottery of Cyprian origin which looked like 7th century ware. This mixture of 7th century vs. the conventional 13th century evidence prompted the archaeologists to come up with all sorts of explanations to account for this difference in age. The controversy raged between the epigraphists (Eduard Meyer, A.H.Gardiner and Carpenter) which argued for a more recent date and the archaeologists which demanded an older date (Pierre Montet, Sidney Smith and R. Dussaud). In summary, the above points underscore the cultural and artifactual similarity to the 8th-7th centuries, not the 15th-14th century as taught in conventional history because of dependency on Egyptian evidence. Always we find this 600 plus-minus gap in chronology, a tell-tale sign that something drastic is amiss. Unless dateable objects were (re-)introduced [at a] later [time], there is no doubt that the history of Palestinian coastal cities goes far back in time as we have evidence of Byblos interactions with 12th Dynasty kings.

A CHRONOLOGICAL MODEL FOR THE 1st AND 2nd MILLENNIUM BC Part 1: THE CHRONOLOGY OF EGYPT AND ISRAEL ALAN MONTGOMERY

The Hyksos invasion caused the downfall of the Egyptian 12th Dynasty, which shows the characteristics of the sojourn and Exodus. The Israelites are identified as a group of "egyptianized Asiatics" of the Middle Kingdom level at Tell el-Daba (Goshen). The Exodus has been placed at various times. Josephus dated the Exodus about 1662. He and scholars such as Africanus, Clement, Tatian and Theophilus believed that at this time Pharaoh Ahmose I drove out the Hyksos. Josephus identified them with the Israelite "forefathers (who) were delivered out of Egypt, and came thence and inhabited this country (Judea) 393 years before Danaus came to Argos. "[Josephus, Against Apion I.16, p 612]. Eusebius alone opines that the pharaoh of the Exodus was a late 18th Dynasty pharaoh named Cencheres. These guesses are the product of chronological juxtaposition. Manetho said that Ahmose attacked the Hyksos stronghold at Avaris and drove them into Syria where they built "Jerusalem". A contemporary inscription from the tomb of Ahmose, an army officer of Ahmose I, says that the Hyksos withdrew to Sharuhen where he besieged them 3 years and took the city [Wilson, 1969c, p. 233]. On the contrary, Pharaoh refused to let the Israelites go. The Israelites left despite him. When Pharaoh pursued them, he and his army were drowned [Ex 14; Ps 106:11; Ps 136:15]. The Hyksos were not Israelites. Ahmose's mummy was discovered in AD 1881 in the "Royal Cache". Modern scholars prefer Ramses II as the pharaoh of the Exodus, circa 1270, primarily because Pi-Ramses was the name of the city that the Israelites built. But this assumption is not compelling; Pi-Ramses existed long before. Also this view lacks any confirmation from the archaeology of Palestine that a massive invasion took place near 1230 and fails to allow enough time for the period of the Judges.

Several historical sources suggest a long duration for the Hyksos period. Josephus quotes Manetho that the Hyksos Dynasties lasted 511 years [Josephus, Against Apion I.14, p. 611]. Africanus (Manetho) gives 518 years. Eusebius gives only the individual dynastic totals: 453 years for the 13th, 484 years for the 14th, 440 years for the 15th and 16th combined and 103 years for the 17th [Petrie, 1904, p201]. These dynasties overlap. The Turin Canon lists the pharaohs from the 1st Dynasty to the 18th Dynasty. For the 13th Dynasty, the Turin Canon lists over 55 kings. It agrees closely to the 60 kings given in Africanus and Eusebius versions of Manetho. Only a dozen reigns of the 60 13th Dynasty pharaohs are legible, for a total of 75 years. The average of almost 7 years per reign projected over 60 pharaohs would yield about 420 years. The secular view allows only 115 years for the 13th Dynasty or 2 years per reign. Both the Turin Canon and Manetho agree that the conventional Hyksos rule is too short.

The archaeology of Shechem also points to a longer duration. In the book of Judges, the people of Shechem rebelled against Abimelech, Gideon's son. Abimelech attacked the town and burned them alive in the Temple of Baal Berith. The excavators of Shechem uncovered a large walled town that had been badly burned. Inside the walls they found a huge tower with walls 17 feet thick that had also been burned. The American excavator Wright thought they had found the tower of Baal Berith. "This structure some 21 m. long by 26 m. wide had walls circa 5.3 m. thick, the thickness of a city fortification; it must surely have been the temple of Baal Berith mentioned in the story of Abimelech." [Wright,Vol144, p. 9] But the ceramics at this level were MB, not the expected LB pottery. As a result of this chronological consideration the excavators abandoned this opinion and proposed another less suitable temple in the LB.

In the Sinai the Israelites complained about the lack of meat. God sent them quail. Their gluttony produced a plague [Numbers 11:31-35]. They buried the dead at Kibroth Hattaavah or the "graves of craving". Niebuhr rediscovered these graves in 1761 AD at Serabit el-Khadem [Niebuhr, 1761]. Many other graves are situated nearby on Mt. Sarbal, which the Bedouins call "Turbet es Yahoud" or the "graves of the Jews". The translations of the inscriptions on the graves on the plateau of Serabit el-Khadem in both hieroglyphics and alphabetic scripts were published by Forster with photographs in 1862 [Forster, 1862]. The inscriptions use an old Yamharic script. They mention the dividing of the Red Sea, the drowning of the Egyptians and the plague caused by gluttony. They mention by name, Moses and Miriam. The inscriptions can be dated by a 12th Dynasty chapel. The cartouche of Amenemhat IV, the author's candidate for the pharaoh of the Exodus, is written within.

When his family entered Egypt, he warned them not to mention that they were shepherds because the Egyptians loathed shepherds [Gen 46:33]. This warning tells us that Pharaoh was an Egyptian, not a Hyksos. When Joseph was brought before Pharaoh to interpret his dreams, Pharaoh made him Vizier, the second highest office in the land. Courville identified Joseph as Vizier Mentuhotep, the most powerful Vizier of the 12th Dynasty. Under Senurset I, his many impressive titles were: Vizier, Chief Judge, Overseer of the Double Granary, Chief Treasurer, Governor of the Royal Castle, Wearer of the Royal Seal, Chief of all the Works of the King, Hereditary Prince, Pilot of the People, Giver of Good -Sustaining Alive the People, Count, Sole Companion, Favourite of the King [Courville, 1977, Vol. 1, p.142]. Such titles were unprecedented. Particularly the epithet, "Sustaining Alive the People", brings some deed of national salvation to mind. During the famine storage and distribution of grain was well planned. The inscription on the tomb of Ameni in the reign of Senurset I, of the 12th Dynasty, claims that in the time of famine, he distributed the food to both rich and poor without favouritism. This suggests that food had been stored in anticipation of a famine. Over 100 years later, in the reign of Senurset III, Mentuhotep's figure was defaced, so that his memory was dishonoured. Courville identified Senurset III as the pharaoh of oppression [Courville, 1977, Vol. 1, p.149].

The "High Chronology" places Hammurabi at 1856-1814. Evidence for this date comes from Platanus Crete, where ceramics that relate to early 12th Dynasty material were discovered at the Middle Minoan I Palace at Cnossus. "There comes from Tholos B at Platanus a Babylonian seal of haematite which is dated to the time of Hammurabi. ... The latest finds in this context consist of Middle Minoan I a/b pottery." (2000-1850 GAD) [Matz, 1973, p. 144]. The "Low Chronology" places Hammurabi at 1728-1686. Evidence for this date comes from the Assyrian king lists and the 15th century cylinder seals of the 1st Babylonian Dynasty found at Nuzi and Arrapha [Smith, p. 16]. A recent Babylonian ceramic chronology supports an Ultra low date for Hammurabi 1696-1654 [Gasche (et al), 1998]. They concluded "our examination of Babylonian and peripheral ceramic and archaeological contexts that postdate the collapse of the 1st Dynasty of Babylon indicates a chronological scheme much shorter than the Middle Chronology would best fit the available archaeological evidence [Gasche et al, 1998, p. 45]."

Woolley, who excavated Alalakh, had an excellent opportunity to resolve the issue. In Level VII, he found a letter of Yarim-Lim, a contemporary of Hammurabi, who appealed to an unknown pharaoh to come to his aid. Woolley noted that this was 90 years after the close of the 12th Dynasty, the latest time a Syrian king might expect a serious military response from Egypt [Woolley, p. 389] If the letter was sent to Amenemhet III, the last powerful Pharaoh of the 12th Dynasty, it supports 130-year adjustment, i.e. the "High Chronology". Woolley also had difficulty aligning the post-Babylonian pottery in Levels VI and V. Specifically, "Union Jack" ware is found at Alalakh in Level VI, 50-100 years later than its counterpart in Hyksos strata in Palestine. This supports the "Middle Chronology" [Woolley, p. 389]. And still the Mesopotamian evidence, including the Assyrian king list, supported the "Low Chronology". There was no resolution.

An inscription from the time of Amenhotep III referred to "Yahweh of the Land of Shosu" [Redford, 1992, p.272]. This is the earliest known reference to the name of Israel's God outside Israel. Egyptian reference to "Yahweh" as a divine name not only suggests that the Israelites had invaded Canaan but also firmly controlled it. The el-Amarna letters also confirm the presence of Israelite authority. In letters 74 and 290, the name "Beth Sulman" is mentioned in relation to a temple in Jerusalem [Velikovsky, 1978]. In el-Amarna letter (EA 256 line 18) the Israelite name "Yashuya" was used [Moran, 1992].

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh
Early worship of Yahweh likely originated in southern Canaan during the Late Bronze Age.[105] Yahu (yhw) is recorded as a placename associated with Asiatic (i.e. Levantine) nomads in the 14th to 13th centuries BC. One text of the era of Amenophis III mentions "Yahu in the land of the Shoshu-Bedouins". A later mention from the era of Ramesses II associates Yahu with Mount Seir. From this, it is generally supposed that this Yahu refers to a place in the area of Moab and Edom. It is probable that Yahu or Yahweh was worshipped in southern Canaan (Edom, Moab, Midian) from the 14th century BC, and that the transmission of this cult northwards was due to the Kenites. This "Kenite hypothesis" was originally suggested by Cornelis Tiele in 1872 and remains the standard view among modern scholars.[108] In its classical form suggested by Tiele, the "Kenite hypothesis" assumes that Moses was a historical Midianite who brought the cult of Yahweh north to Israel. This idea is based on an old tradition (recorded in Judges 1:16, 4:11) that Moses' father-in-law was a Midianite priest of Yahweh, as it were preserving a memory of the Midianite origin of the god. a formative work was William F. Albright's Yahweh and the Gods of Canaan - An Historical Analysis of Two Contrasting Faiths (1968), which insisted on the essential otherness of Yahweh from the Canaanite gods from the very beginning of Israel's history. However, scholars of the Ancient Near East have since seen Yahweh worship as emerging from a West Semitic and Canaanite background.Amorite personal names and Greek transcriptions of the tetragrammaton suggest that the vocalization Yahweh is correct, and as such should be read as having derived from a causative verbal form ("he becomes" or "he is").[citation needed] On the other hand, if the name is analyzed as a (non-causative) G Stem, the verb "to be" plus the name of El, the chief god in the pantheon, could give rise to the forms yahweh-el ("He is El", "He shows himself as El") or the reverse, El-yahweh (El who shows himself).

http://en.wikipedia....Canaanite_deity)
The role of Yahweh in the Hebrew Bible is introduced by the Jahwist portions, dated in the standard documentary hypothesis to the 10th century BC (i.e. the United Monarchy). In these texts, Yahweh (YHWH) is depicted as an irascible anthropomorphic god appearing in storm clouds and lightning, overwhelming in his glory or splendour (kabod), and actively negotiating with his followers, as opposed to the portions of the Hebrew Bible that deal with Elohim, which show a more detached deity of justice who is mostly communicating by means of divine messengers. For example, it is the Elohist version of the tale of Jacob's ladder in which there is a ladder of angels with God at the top, whereas in the Jahwist tale, it is just a dream in which the anthropomorphic god is himself above the location, without the ladder or angels. Likewise, the Elohist describes Jacob physically wrestling with the anthropomorphic god. The classical documentary hypothesis as developed in the late 19th century assumed that the Elohist portions of the Torah were composed in the 9th century BCE (i.e. during the early period of the Kingdom of Judah).

A CHRONOLOGICAL MODEL FOR THE 1st AND 2nd MILLENNIUM BC Part 2: THE CHRONOLOGY OF EGYPT AND ISRAEL ALAN MONTGOMERY

Between Late Bronze and Iron Age Hittites in Anatolia, there is a 400-year void. Akurgal, a leading Anatolian archaeologist, stated the problem thus "...it is striking that not only no Phrygian (remains) but no cultural remains of any sort have been found which belong to the period 1200 - 800 BC [Akurgal, 1962, p. 124]." Although, initially, archaeologists had dated the Hittites to 1100 - 800 [James, 1993, p. 137-38] clay tablets from Hattusas revealed the historical correspondence between the Hittite kings and 19th Dynasty Egyptian pharaohs. The dates were revised to 1600 -1200 [James, p. 115-19]. This created a problem. In Syria, similar hieroglyphics and art were discovered, the so-called Syro-Hittites. These had to be dated from the 11th to the 7th century due to their association with Late Assyrian deposits [James, p. 122]. Thus, there were two Hittite histories but one Hittite culture.

Archaeologists found a wall, called Herald's Wall, at the Late Assyrian level of Carchemish. Hogarth noted the strong similarity of the art of Herald's Wall to the Imperial Hittite art at Hattusas. Woolley even argued for Late Bronze dates for Herald's Wall claiming the iconography was derived from 15th and 14th century Mitanni [James, 1993, p. 126]. Mycenaean ivories and ceramics are associated with the 18th Dynasty and the Amarna pharaohs. Yet, ivories found at Delos in a deposit with Geometric pottery circa 800, were judged on stylistic grounds to be Mycenaean. Kantor wrote, "When details of the animals on Delos and Mycenaeanizing Megiddo plaques are compared with those of north Syrian ivories and the Tell Halaf orthostats the patterning is seen to be well nigh identical despite the passage of three centuries without any known links [Kantor, 1956]." Mycenaean ivories (similar to Late Assyrian ivories) are found in a 10th and 9th century deposits.

During the excavation of Samaria, ivories were found inscribed in Hebrew at the level of Ahab's palace, 929 - 908 (BIC). Hebrew letters on these ivories match those on the stele of the Moabite king Mesha who rebelled after the death of king Ahab [Velikovsky, 1952, p327-332; Crowfoot and Crowfoot, p. 2]. Excavators noticed that these ivories showed strong Egyptian influence not of the 21st or 22nd Dynasty but the 18th Dynasty, particularly the time of Tutankhamun [Crowfoot p.67]. To explain the similarity in the ivories it was proposed that in Israel there was a revival of 500-year old Egyptian art forms [Loud, 1939, p. 9]. This explanation must be regarded as strange since the Egyptian dynasties of the 9th century show no such revival of art forms. Similar ivories were found in Megiddo in the context of a large number of Egyptian scarabs of 18th Dynasty pharaohs and were dated to the 15th and 14th centuries. Thus Amarna period ivories are found in the 10th century in Israel i.e. Late Assyrian. There is not only no conflict between Amarna art, ivory and sculpture and Late Assyrian deposits but their coexistence matches perfectly.

The language of the letters found at Tell Brak is Middle Babylonian. If the Assyrian chronological markers are accepted then the Middle Babylonian Amarna letters must be 9th and display the characteristics of Late Assyrian epigraphy. Soden, an Assyriologist, admits that Amarna letters from northern Syria display "astonishing" Assyriansms. [Soden, W. 1986. Sumer. Vol. 42 p. 106]." Nor are these Assyrianisms restricted to Northern Syria. Moran notes the same thing about the Jerusalem letters [Moran, 1975]. Furthermore, some Kassite texts in Babylonia are assigned to the Amarna period because of their Middle Babylonian epigraphy. Gadd, referring to these tablets of the 'Middle Kassite' period, says, "But the salutations which follow this (the introduction) show a characteristic increase of formality over those of the Hammurabi period (17th century). One official, writing to another, adds after his name 'your brother' and the phrase 'be it well with you', which is ubiquitous in the "Amarna and Late Assyrian letters [Gadd, 1975, p.39]." (Italics added) These 'Middle Kassite' tablets have similar elements to the Late Assyrian letters because they, like the Amarna letters, belong to the 10th and 9th century. The Amarna letters themselves display style, idioms and Assyrianisms characteristic of the Late Assyrian period. Furthermore, these texts resemble Neo-Babylonian texts at Nippur, circa 755 - 612, Cole states "The terminology used to denote alliances in the letters from Nippur is remarkably similar to the language employed in the Aramaic texts ...in the letters of the el Amarna age [Cole, p. 27-8.].

The removal of the written material and seals from Late Babylonia (11th to 8th centuries) to Middle Kassite Babylonia (15th to 12th) causes a major archaeological problem. It appears that the Late Babylonians had no written records. This problem is referred to as the 'dark age' of Babylonia. Brinkman writes, "Babylonian history of the first quarter of the first millennium maybe characterized as a period of obscurity or 'dark age'. Little source material has survived from these turbulent times [Brinkman, 1982, p.282-313; James, 1993, p.279]." At Dur Kurigalzu there was found a palace in Level I, which by tablets could be dated to late Kassite kings, Kudur Enlil and Marduk-apli-iddina.

The difficulty in distinguishing Middle Kassite from Late Babylonian artefacts is not restricted to written records. The Luristan Bronzes demonstrate the point. James states, "Some of the bronzes, principally daggers, bear the names of Babylonian kings who are dated by conventional Mesopotamian chronology to between 1132 and 944 BC." However, because of the Kassite influence in the decorations, French chronologist Claude Schaeffer ascribed the bulk of the Luristan bronzes to 1500 -1200 BC [James, 1993, p.287]. Artefacts, historically dated to the period of the 'dark age' of Mesopotamia, are transferred to the Kassite period because their art corresponds to the art in strata dated by Middle Babylonian texts with Kassite royal names.

A seal of Kidin-Marduk, son of Sa-ilima-damqa, 'the Great Official of Burnaburiash', the 'King of All', was found in Mycenaean strata at Thebes Greece [Bacon, 1971, p.87]. This stratum is Mycenaean. Who, then, is Burnaburiash? The Burnaburiash of the el-Amarna letters ruled Babylon sometime in 910-880 RC. When Babylonian king, Nabu-apla-iddina, died about 910 BIC, his son, Marduk-zakir-shumi, ascended the throne. His brother Marduk-Bel-usate rebelled against him and he was forced to call on Shalmaneser III to help him. Shalmaneser defeated Marduk-Bel-usate and then "joined Babylonia and Assyria together". Thus, Shalmaneser III was the king of Babylon during the Amarna era. This agrees with Velikovsky's identification [Velikovsky, 1952]. Many kings who conquered foreign lands took another name. It is possible that Shalmaneser took the name Burnaburiash as king of Babylon. Shalmaneser III also took the titles 'Great King', 'King of the Universe' [Oppenheim, 1969a, p.233]. Thus he meets the conditions necessary for the Amarna king, Burnaburiash.

In Shalmaneser's 6th year, he faced a coalition of forces headed by a commander named Biridri. The coalition included Aduni and Matinu-Baal and the Prince of Asu [Oppenheim, 1969a]. Velikovsky identifies Biridia in the Amarna period as the Commandant of Meggido. He notes a King Aduni mentioned in Letter 75; a Mut-Baal sender of Letter 255; and in Letter 150, Abimilki, King of Tyre, mentions Uzu [Velikovsky, 1952, pp. 310-11]. Hittite King, Suppilulimas I wrote a congratulatory letter to Pharaoh Tutankhamun who could be Saplel, King of Hattina, mentioned in Shalmaneser's annals [Oppenheim, 1969b] These Syrian rulers appear both in the Amarna letters and the 9th century annals of Shalmaneser III. Lastly, in Letter 55 to Akhenaten, Abimilki, king of Tyre, refers to himself three times as the "servant of Shalmatiata". The fall of Tyre to Shalmaneser in year 18, 897 BIC, agrees with the date of the Letter 155 in the reign of Akhenaten is 898-882 RC.

The most significant objection to the proposed model is the stratigraphic evidence of the 19th Dynasty. According to the conventional view the Amarna period is LBIIA. It was followed by the LBIIB. The tombs of the 19th Dynasty typically contain 13th century LBIIB pottery.

Tahpanhes, Lachish and Byblos [Velikovsky, 1978]. Psammetichus (663 - 610 GAD) granted Tahpanhes to his Greek and Carian mercenaries to dwell in. It was inhabited until the time of Amasis (569 -525). Petrie found much material from the 26th Dynasty there but none from the 20th to 25th. He also found a temple of Ramses II. At Lachish excavators found a temple founded by Amenhotep III that continued in use until the 19th Dynasty. It contained Israelite pottery of the 7th century. The stratum of the time Nebuchadnezzar, circa 590, contained the scarabs of Ramses II of the 13th century. The coincidence that 13th century strata contained 7th century pottery and 7th century strata contained 13th century scarabs was never explained. The city suffered two major conflagrations one during Ramses's and another during Nebuchadnezzar's era. At Byblos, the king Ahiram was buried in a coffin made by his son. His son's inscription was in Phoenician 8th or 7th century script as was the imported Cypriote pottery but the broken Egyptian vases and the coffin in the tomb came from the time of Ramses II. The LBIIB pottery associated with Ramses II is always associated with 7th century pottery.

CONCLUSIONS - [Anyways, I haven't ran all these down, some definite chronological dating problems though, you decide]

The conventional views of the Amarna identities are dubious and stem from historical coincidences of names 400 to 500 years earlier. The real identities of the Amarna correspondence are to be found in the 10th and 9th century rulers. Mitanni, Syrian, Hittite and Mycenaean art, ivory and sculpture from the Amarna period are found in the Late Assyrian, which the conventional chronology can only handle by creating stratigraphic gaps. [It is to] the Late Bronze /Mycenaean period to where the classical archaeologists first placed it - circa 1200 - 800.

PROVINCE DATES PROBLEM DESCRIPTION RELATED TO EXAMPLE

Mediterr 1200/750 Dark Age Troy, Myceni Greek Mycenaean ceramics of 1200 followed by Greek Iron Age ceramics of 750
Anatolia 1200/750 Repetition Hatussas [Luwain] Imperial Hittite artefacts 14th - 13th to 10th - 9th century of Syro-Hittite states
Egyp/Pal [1450/800] [Super Power/Vassalage] ?? Samaria 18th Dyn relating to the Divided Kingdoms of Israel, Samaria.
MesoArab [1450/800] Mini Dark Age Nippur Babylonian has history from Assyrian records but lacks any ceramics, art. Tablets with Late Assyria style of address assigned to (Amarna) Late Bronze.

[My Added Datings - Other Kingdom Change Patterns]
HyksUgar 1700/1200??
AE-thebes 1550-1150??
Assyrian 1450/800 Vassalage/Super Power
FarsiMedi 1450/800 Mirrored Dualistic?? Anshan, Susa, Elam
IndAryan 1450/800 MigriCultShift?? Vedic Aryan Mix??
BritRome 1200/750 MigriCultDiffuse GogMagog-Rome
Scythian 1200/750 StrongMigriIncursions Balkans-Caucus-Steppes
Tuetonic 1200/750 Late Expansion Nordic-Tuetonic-Baltic
EastAsian 1450/800 Kingdom Building ?? Peking Basin, SSE Asia,
FarEast 1200/750 City-States Proto-Cultures ?? 3 Han Far East [MKJ]
Americas 1200/750 Proto-Kingdoms Olmec, Maya
TurkHunic 1200/750??

k. 1500 BC_1300-Ugarit, excavators found the intact burial vaults of Ugarit with arched ceilings supposedly of the 15th-14th century BC, looked just like those found near Enkomi on Cyprus belonging to the 8th and 7th century BC. "Those in Cyprus were considerably later and continue down to the 8th and 7th centuries..." according to the Swedish excavators.

k. 1500 BC_1200-saw a vast migration of the so-called sea people, described in ancient Egyptian sources. They destroyed Mycenaean and Hittite sites and also attacked Egypt. According to some scholars the Sherden, one of the most important tribes of the sea peoples, are to be identified with the Nuragic Sardinians. A lost work by Simonides of Ceos reported by Zenobius, spoke of raids by Sardinians against the island of Crete, in the same period in which the Sea People invaded Egypt. This would at least confirm that Nuragic Sardinians frequented the eastern Mediterranean Sea.

k. 1500 BC_900-The Sardanian style nuraghes usually situated in a panoramic spot in the shape of a truncated conical tower resembling a beehive, were built between the Middle and Late Bronze Age. Many were in continuous use from their erection until Rome entered Sardinia in the (2nd century BC [100's]),

x. 1278 BC—Ramesses II defeats the Shardana sea pirates.

c. 1200 BC-Ammurapi King of Ugarit Contemporary of Chancellor Bay of Egypt. Ugarit is destroyed. A cuneiform tablet found in 1986 shows that Ugarit was destroyed after the death of Merneptah (1203 BC). It is generally agreed that Ugarit had already been destroyed by the 8th year of Ramesses III (1178 BC). Whether Ugarit was destroyed before or after Hattusa, the Hittite capital, is debated. The destruction is followed by a settlement hiatus. Many other Mediterranean cultures were deeply disordered just at the same time, apparently by invasions of the mysterious "Sea Peoples."

c. 1200 BC—Aramaic Nomads and Chaldeans become a big threat to the former Babylonian and Assyrian Empire.
c. 1200 BC—Massive migrations of people around the Mediterranean and the Middle-East. See Sea People for more information.

c. 1200 BC_1000- The Iron Age in the Levant begins, iron tools came into use. It is also known as the Israelite period. This period marks the weakening of regional empires and the strengthening of local powers such as the Kingdom of Israel (in Samaria), Kingdom of Judah, [Phoenicia, Damascus, Trans-Jordanes] and the Philistine city-states.

x. 1185 BC_1153--20th Dynasty Ramesses III Thebes KV11 (consort [Iset Ta-Hemdjert] Tiye) Egypt was threatened by the Sea Peoples during this time period, but Ramesses III was able to defeat this confederacy from the Near East. The king is also known for a harem conspiracy in which Queen Tiye attempted to assassinate the king and put her son Pentawere on the throne. The coup was not successful in the end. The king may have died from the attempt on his life, but it was his legitimate heir Ramesses IV who succeeded him to the throne. After this a succession of kings named Ramesses take the throne, but none would truly achieve greatness.

x. 1184 BC-April 24, Traditional date of the fall of Troy.
x. 1182 BC-a desperate letter of Ammurapi, the last king of Ugarit, Peoples of the Sea destroy both Ugarit and Alasiya (Cyprus).
x. 1181 BC—Menestheus, legendary king of Athen's in the Trojan War is succeeded by his nephew Demophon, a son of Theseus. (see 1191 BC).
c. 1180 BC—Invaders razed Hattusa causing the collapse of the Hittite Empire
x. 1180 BC—1178 Collapse of the Hittite Empire. Their capital, Hattusa, falls around or slightly after 1180 BC.

Egyptian © 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Egypt has the oldest continuously existing civilization in the world. Most scholars believe that the Egyptian kingdom was first unified in about 3100 bc. Egypt maintained its independence and unity for many centuries thereafter. It suffered disunity now and then and experienced brief periods of foreign domination. Semitic [Asiatic] Hyksos in the 17th and 16th centuries [for a good part of 200 years ruled Egypyt, From the 18th Dynasty, about 1550 to 1150 the end of the 19th Dynasty, Egypt was relatively stable internally, In the last years of Thutmosis III's reign to Amenhotep . 1094 BC_1064-20th Dynasty, Ramesses XI, grew so weak that in the south the High Priests of Amun at Thebes became the effective defacto rulers of Upper Egypt, while Smendes controlled Lower Egypt even before Ramesses XI's death. Smendes would eventually found the 21st dynasty at Tanis. 1077 BC-21st Dynasty After the reign of Ramesses III, a long, slow decline of royal power in Egypt followed. The pharaohs ruled from Tanis, but were mostly active only in Lower Egypt which they controlled. This dynasty is described as 'Tanite' because its political capital was based at Tanis. Meanwhile, the High Priests of Amun at Thebes effectively ruled Middle and Upper Egypt in all but name. The later Egyptian Priest Manetho of Sebennytos states in his Epitome on Egyptian royal history that "the 21st Dynasty of Egypt lasted for 130 years." 945 BC_720-During the 22nd Dynasty of Egypt a series of Meshwesh Libyans settled in Egypt since the 20th Dynasty. Manetho states that the dynasty originated at Bubastis, but ruled from Tanis, which was their capital and the city where their tombs have been excavated. Tutkheperre Shoshenq, whose precise position within this dynasty is currently uncertain although he is now thought to have ruled Egypt early in the 9th century BC for a short time. The so-called 22nd Dynasty was an offshoot of this dynasty perhaps based in Upper Egypt (South-Thebes), though there is much debate concerning this issue. All of its kings reigned in Middle and Upper Egypt including the Western Desert Oases. The next ruler at Tanis after Shoshenq V was Osorkon IV but this king is not believed to be a member of the 22nd Dynasty since he only controlled a small portion of Lower Egypt (North) together with Tefnakhte of Sais—whose authority was recognised at Memphis—and Iuput II of Leontopolis. The growth of Assyria in the 9th-7th centuries began to rival Egyptian supremecy]

Hatshepsut © 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Hatshepsut (lived 15th Century bc), Egyptian ruler of the 18th Dynasty, daughter of Thutmose I. She married her half brother, Thutmose II, with whom she coruled Egypt until his death in 1479 bc. His successor, Thutmose III, a son by a concubine, was a child at the time and was married to Hatshepsut's daughter by Thutmose II. In 1473, however, she had herself crowned as pharaoh, and reigned in her own right until 1458. Her nominal coruler was Thutmose III, who ruled alone after her death. Hatshepsut built a great temple at Dayr al Barī near Thebes, approached by a lane of sphinxes and huge, colonnaded terraces. A second wife of Thutmose III, named Meryetre Hatshepsut but not related to the queen, was the mother of the next pharaoh, Amenhotep II (reigned 1427-1401 bc).

Thutmose III © 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Thutmose III, king of Egypt (reigned 1479-1425 BC) sometimes called the Napoleon of ancient Egypt succeeding his father Thutmose II in 1479 BC, Thutmose III was overshadowed by Hatshepsut, who became the supreme ruler, giving the young king only a nominal role. After Hatshepsut died in 1458 BC, her monuments were defaced, and an apparent attempt to erase her memory was carried out. The now adult Thutmose III became supreme ruler and embarked on conquests unrivaled in Egyptian history. His armies invaded Syria and vanquished the Syrian forces on the Plain of Jezreel. The Syrians took refuge in the city of Megiddo but were defeated in 1454 BC.

Palestine © 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
A migration of great importance to Western civilization was the invasion of Canaan (later known as Palestine) by the tribes of the Hebrew confederacy, which developed the ideas on which the Jewish, Christian, and Islamic religions are founded. These nomadic Semitic tribes, from the Arabian Peninsula and the deserts southeast of the Jordan River, moved (15th-10th century bc) into a settled region that was alternately under the control of Egypt and Babylonia.

Assyrian © 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
About 1500 BC Assyria became a dependency of Mitanni, a kingdom of imperial proportions that had extended its sway over all northern Mesopotamia. Assyria remained in subjection until early in the 14th century, when the Mitanni Kingdom suffered a serious defeat at the hands of the rising empire of the Hittites to the north. Taking advantage of the ensuing confusion, the Assyrian king Ashur-uballit I (reigned 1364-1328 bc) freed Assyria from the Mitanni yoke and even annexed some of its territory.

Beginning about 1200 bc, a new wave of migrations changed the face of practically all western Asia. From the Balkan Peninsula, in all probability, came a conglomeration of peoples, known as the Sea Peoples, who put an end to the Hittite Empire in Anatolia and infiltrated Syria and Palestine. An Indo-European people called Mushki, who settled in eastern Anatolia, became a constant threat to Assyria on the northwest. To the west of Assyria a Semitic group of nomads, known as Aramaeans, was on the move. Assyria resisted the pressures and attacks of its new neighbors ferociously and, except for brief intervals, successfully. During its bitter struggle for existence, it developed a war machine proverbial for its cruelty and became the scourge and terror of the entire Middle East.

In the course of time this pattern of conquest changed, and the Assyrian rulers began to make Assyria the center of a new empire by incorporating the conquered lands into their domain, although probably not according to a conscious plan. Toward the end of the 10th century bc. Ashurnasirpal II, the son of Tukulti-Ninurta II, ruled from 884 to 859 bc and extended Assyrian rule to the north and east. In campaign after campaign he devastated with fierce and deliberate cruelty the lands on the borders of his empire but was prudent enough not to attack his more powerful neighbors, Urartu to the north, Babylonia to the south, and Aram to the west. In one of his campaigns he even reached the Mediterranean Sea.

INDRA-ARYAN © 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
For almost 1,000 years, from around 2500 bc to around 1700 BC, a civilization flourished on the valley of the Indus River and its tributaries, extending as far to the northeast as Delhi and south to Gujarāt. The Indus Valley civilization, India’s oldest known civilization, is famed for its complex culture and specialized artifacts. Its cities were carefully planned, with elaborate water-supply systems, sewage facilities, and centralized granaries. The cities had common settlement patterns and were built with standard sizes and weights of bricks, evidence that suggests a coherent civilization existed throughout the region. The people of the Indus civilization used copper and bronze, and they spun and wove cotton and wool. They also produced statues and other objects of considerable beauty, including many seals decorated with images of animals and, in a few cases, what appear to be priests. The seals are also decorated with a script known as the Indus script, a pictographic writing system that has not been deciphered. The Indus civilization is thought to have undergone a swift decline after 1800 bc, although the cause of the decline is still unknown; theories point to extreme climatic changes or natural disasters.

In about 1500 bc the Aryans, a nomadic people from Central Asia, settled in the upper reaches of the Indus, Yamuna, and Gangetic plains. They spoke a language from the Indo-European family and worshiped gods similar to those of later-era Greeks and northern Europeans. The Aryans are particularly important to Indian history because they originated the earliest forms of the sacred Vedas (orally transmitted texts of hymns of devotion to the gods, manuals of sacrifice for their worship, and philosophical speculation). By 800 bc the Aryans ruled in most of northern India, occasionally fighting among themselves or with the peoples of the land they were settling. There is no evidence of what happened to the people displaced by the Aryans. In fact they may not have been displaced at all but instead may have been incorporated in Aryan culture or left alone in the hills of northern India.

East Asian © 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
The Shang Dynasty (1570?-1045? bc) .The Xia dynasty may correspond to the first phases of the transition to the Bronze Age. Between 2000 and 1600 bc a more complex Bronze Age civilization emerged out of the diverse Neolithic cultures in northern China. The Shang directly controlled only the central part of China proper.The Shang were often at war with neighboring peoples and moved their capital several times. Shang kings could mobilize large armies for warfare and huge numbers of workers to construct defensive walls and elaborate tombs. The Shang king’s rule was based equally on religious and military power. He played a priestly role in the worship of his ancestors and the high god Di. In the 11th century bc a frontier state called Zhou rose against and defeated the Shang dynasty. The Zhou dynasty is traditionally divided into two periods: the Western Zhou (1045?-771 bc), when the capital was near modern Xi’an in the west. Like the Shang kings, the Zhou kings sacrificed to their ancestors, but they also sacrificed to Heaven (Tian). The Shu jing (Book of History), one of the earliest transmitted texts, describes the Zhou’s version of their history. It assumes a close relationship between Heaven and the king, called the Son of Heaven, explaining that Heaven gives the king a mandate to rule only as long as he does so in the interest of the people. The Zhou kings maintained control over their vassals for more than two centuries, but as the generations passed, the ties of kinship and vassalage weakened. In 770 bc several of the states rebelled and joined with non-Chinese forces to drive the Zhou from their capital. The Zhou established a new capital to the east.

Americas © 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
The Olmec flourished along the central coast of the Gulf of Mexico, just west of the Yucatán Peninsula, in the swampy jungle river basins of the present-day Mexican states of Veracruz and Tabasco. Over time, they extended their influence through the highlands of Mexico; the Valley of Mexico; Oaxaca; and westwards to Guerrero.between about 1500 and 600 bc. San Lorenzo, their oldest known center, was destroyed around 900 bc. It was replaced by La Venta, a city built in an axial pattern that influenced urban development in Central America for centuries. A mounded earthen pyramid about 30 m (about 100 ft) high, among the earliest in Mesoamerica, was the center of a complex of temples and plazas. The Olmec were among the first Mesoamerican peoples to use stone in sculpture and architecture, even though it had to be quarried in distant mountains. Their colossal stone heads of males, about 9 ft high, can be seen today, along with other Olmec artifacts, in the Mexican city of Villahermosa. Olmec writing, a numerical system, was the precursor of other Mesoamerican forms of writing. The Olmec civilization established patterns of culture that influenced its successors for centuries to come. Many aspects of Maya civilization developed slowly through a long Preclassic period, from about 2000 bc to ad 300. By the beginning of that period, Mayan-speaking Native Americans were settled in three adjacent regions of eastern and southern Mexico and Central America.

Known Patriarchal Age Anomilies from the Hyksos through the Exodus and Patriation of Israel.

BIBLICAL OLD TESTAMENT CHRONOLOGY

"The Interlinear Bible" (1986) by J. P. Green, Sr. , page 9, showing the Hebrew Masoretic text with added bold arrows to indicated the "Samech" separators ..."in the Masoretic texts and is present in our Hebrew Bibles today. A samech (the Hebrew "s") between sentences indicates a paragraph break of smaller degree, while a pe (the Hebrew "p") between the ending of a sentence on one line and the beginning of a new sentence on another indicates a larger break." The samech break appears 8 times in chapter 5, 8 times in chapter 11, and a total of only 15 more times in the other 48 chapters of Genesis. (from http://www.fuller.ed...ean/chs_vss.htm)

The concept of an exact chronology for any civilization is fraught with danger and that of Egypt is certainly no exception. We are after all, dealing with a society with very little in the way of written history or literature to assist us. The Romans recorded events in relation to the traditional founding of Rome in 753 BC and the accessions of the various consuls and emperors; the Greeks from the date of the first Olympic Games in 776 BC. Egyptian chronology however, is a mixture of legend, fiction, astronomical data, documentary 'evidence' and an awful lot of guesswork! In theory, Egyptian history is arranged into 31 'Dynasties', each one being a collection of rulers from the same power base. This system was first employed by Manetho, High Priest and scribe at Heliopolis; who was ordered by Ptolemy II Philadelphus to write a history of the previous rulers.

•Ipuwer Papyrus
•Dudimose
•Pharaoh of the Exodus
•Shiphrah
•Thrasyllus of Mendes
•The Hyksos: A New Investigation
•The Exodus Decoded
•Abraham in History and Tradition

http://en.wikipedia..../Ipuwer_Papyrus
The Ipuwer Papyrus is a single papyrus holding an ancient Egyptian poem, called The Admonitions of Ipuwer or The Dialogue of Ipuwer and the Lord of All The sole surviving manuscript dates to the later 13th century BCE (no earlier than the 19th dynasty in the New Kingdom). The date for the composition of this document is unknown. The papyrus itself (Papyrus Leiden I 344) is a copy made during New Kingdom of Egypt. The dating of the original composition of the poem is disputed, but several scholars have suggested a date between the late 6th dynasty and the Second Intermediate Period (ca. 1850 BCE-1600 BCE), and appears to describe how Hyksos took over Egypt. The Ipuwer Papyrus describes Egypt as afflicted by natural disasters and in a state of chaos, a topsy-turvy world where the poor have become rich, and the rich poor, and warfare, famine and death are everywhere. One symptom of this collapse of order is the lament that servants are leaving their servitude and acting rebelliously.Modern research suggests that the papyrus dates to the much later 13th dynasty, with part of the papyrus now thought to date to the time of Pharaoh Khety, and the admonitions of Ipuwer actually being addressed to the god Atum, not a mortal king. The admonitions are thought to harken back to the First Intermediate Period and record a decline in international relations and a general impoverishment in Egypt.

Egyptologist Sir Alan Gardiner translated the Ipuwer Papyrus into English in 1909, and believed that the text contained historical descriptions of current and past events: "The entire context from 1,1 to 10,6 constitutes a single picture of a particular moment in Egyptian history," he concluded, "as it was seen by the pessimistic eyes of Ipuwer."

Both the Exodus and Thera interpretations (which can be combined with each other, and sometimes are) interpret the poem to record a historical event, which is disputed by some Egyptologists.

Recently, the poem has instead been interpreted by Egyptologist Barry Kemp to be an informal text from the Middle Kingdom that "dwells on the nature of a disordered world, making the king responsible for its cure," and belongs "to a tradition of limited free speculation at court" based on an unnamed, historical model. This model in Ipuwer's poem was, "A king with an unsavory reputation [who] probably provided the setting, now lost," Kemp believes.

The later passages of the poem contain a dialogue between two figures identified only as "Ipuwer" and the "Majesty of the Lord of All". Although these sections of the poem are badly damaged, they debate the causes of evil and chaos in the world, and the balance between human and divine responsibility for them; this dialogue forms one of the oldest examinations in world literature of the question of theodicy.

Egyptologist Ludwig D. Morenz lists the Admonition of Ipuwer under the genre "Prophetic texts, Lamentations" in his book, Egypt's View of Its Past (Encounters with Ancient Egypt), (2003) p. 103. On the Lamentation theme he writes, "the ‘Admonitions’ are strikingly close to the Sumerian city laments (Quack 1997), and, from Egypt itself, to the laments for the dead." On pages 108-109, Dr. Morenz draws correlations between the literature and history and makes the observation that, "In the 'Admonitions', the more or less historical past is constructed as a gloomy backdrop which contrasts with both ideal time and the present (Morenz 1999)." Dr. Morenz further points out that one of the characteristics that differentiates Ipuwer from "tales" is that there is no diffusion of the narrator's voice over periods of time through retellings, "With regard to genres, we only find ‘instructions’ and ‘discourses’ or ‘laments’ that are attributed to individual ‘authors’ of the past. Tales like those of ‘Sinuhe’ or the ‘Eloquent Peasant’ do not seem to have been connected to any single authentic or ‘historical’ narrator. In contrast, laments like ‘Kha-kheper-ra-seneb’ or ‘Ipuwer’ have no literary successors" (p. 120). Further assessment of the text reads: "It is quite likely that the destruction lament in the ‘Admonitions’ refers to the destruction of Memphis at the end of the Old Kingdom. Thus, this fully independent micro-text can be understood as a sort of oral tradition or at least a literarily formed piece of historical recollection which has trickled into writing, but it is clearly a text with literary forms and ambitions – certainly not a historical report in the narrower sense. Indeed, even recently this passage has been understood as an almost concrete historical report (Gundlach 1992)." (pp. 114–115).

Scholars have also noted themes of Messianic prophecies in the document, including the Dean of American Egyptologists,[19] Henry Breasted, who determined Ipuwer was not a pessimist but a realist proclaiming a prophetic vision: "The peculiar significance of the picture lies in the fact that, if not the social programme [sic], at least the social ideals, the golden dream of the thinkers of this far-off age, already included the ideal ruler of spotless character and benevolent purposes who would cherish and protect his own and crush the wicked. Whether the coming of this ruler is definitely predicted or not, the vision of his character and his work is here unmistakably lifted up by the ancient sage - lifted up in the presence of the living [Egyptian] king and those assembled with him, that they may catch something of its splendor. This is, of course, Messianism nearly fifteen hundred years before its appearance among the Hebrews."

The section, appearing out of the large lacuna that Breasted called "the most important passage in the entire speech of the sage, and one of the most important in the whole range of Egyptian literature"[ reads: "Behold, why does he seek(?) to fashion men? The frightened man is not distinguished from the violent one. He [the supreme god] brings coolness upon heat; men say: 'He is the herdsman of mankind, and there is no evil in his heart.' Though his herds are few, yet he spends a day to collect them, their hearts being on fire(?). Would that he had perceived their nature in the first generation; then he would have imposed obstacles, he would have stretched out his arm against them, he would have destroyed their herds and their heritage. Men desire to give birth(?), but sadness intervenes, with needy people on all sides. So it is, and it will not pass away while the gods who are in the midst of it exist. Seed goes forth into mortal women, but none are found on the road. Combat has gone forth, and he who would be a redresser of evils is one who commits them; neither do men act as pilot in their hour of duty. Where is he today? Is he asleep? Behold, his power is not seen" (11,11-12,6).

T. E. Peet likewise saw a Messianic figure envisioned by Ipuwer: "In the first place it is the purely physical product of the distressful days of the [First] Intermediate Period, whether we believe that some or all of it was actually written during that time or immediately after. And in the second place it reflects...the awakening of man to the moral unworthiness of society and the possibility of better things. In Petrograd 1116B a saviour is actually predicted, and again, in the Admonitions of Ipuwer, although there is no prediction, the poet cannot refrain from drawing a picture of the ideal ruler of a state under the form of the sun-god Re. This type of writing, whether definitely predictive or not, is closely akin to the prophetic writings of the Hebrews, and every discussion of the latter must reckon with the possibility of Egyptian models."[22]

Parallels with The Book of Exodus, some have interpreted the document as an Egyptian account of the Plagues of Egypt and the Exodus in the Old Testament of the Bible, and it is often cited as proof for the Biblical account by various religious organisations.

The association of the Ipuwer Papyrus with the Exodus as describing the same event is generally rejected by Egyptologists. Roland Enmarch, author a new translation of the papyrus, notes: "The broadest modern reception of Ipuwer amongst non-Egyptological readers has probably been as a result of the use of the poem as evidence supporting the Biblical account of the Exodus."

Dr. Enmarch himself rejects synchronizing the texts of the Ipuwer Papyrus and The Book of Exodus on grounds of historicity, in The reception of a Middle Egyptian poem: The Dialogue of Ipuwer.. he acknowledges that there are some textual parallels "particularly the striking statement that ‘the river is blood and one drinks from it’ (Ipuwer 2.10), and the frequent references to servants abandoning their subordinate status (e.g. Ipuwer 3.14–4.1; 6.7–8; 10.2–3). On a literal reading, these are similar to aspects of the Exodus account." Commenting on such attempts to draw parallels, he writes that "all these approaches read Ipuwer hyper-literally and selectively" and points out that there are also conflicts between Ipuwer and the biblical account. He suggests that "it is more likely that Ipuwer is not a piece of historical reportage and that historicising interpretations of it fail to account for the a historical, schematic literary nature of some of the poem’s laments,"

Other Egyptologists disagree, examining what Enmarch calls "the most extensively posited parallel", the river becoming blood, he notes that it should not be taken "absolutely literally" as a description of an event but that both Ipuwer and Exodus might be metaphorically describing what happens at times of catastrophic Nile floods when the river is carrying large quantities of red earth, mentioning that Kitchen has also discussed this phenomenon.

http://en.wikipedia....wiki/Dedumose_I
Djedhetepre Dudimose I was an Egyptian king of the Second Intermediate Period. He is for sure only known from on stela found at Edfu belonging to a king's son and commander Khonsemwaset. It is not known whether the latter was the son of the king, as king's son was a title not only given to the actual children of a king. There is another king with the name Dedumose II. It is possible that he was the son of Dedumose I, althought that is nowhere for sure stated. There are furthermore some objects naming a king Dedumose, without providing a second name. It remains in the moment unknown to which of these two kings, these objects belong. Precise dates for Dudimose are unknown, but according to the commonly-accepted Egyptian chronology his reign probably ended around 1690 BC.
http://en.wikipedia....iki/Dedumose_II

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphrah
Shiphrah was one of two midwives who helped prevent the genocide of Hebrew children by the Egyptians, according to Exodus 1:15-21. The name is found in a list of slaves in Egypt during the reign of Sobekhotep III. This list is on Brooklyn 35.1446, a papyrus scroll kept in the Brooklyn Museum. The name is written šp-ra and means "to be fair" or "beautiful". The name may be related to or even the same as the Aramaic Sapphira and (up to slight morphological adaptations) as Siphrah, the name of the Hebrew midwife. The name of the second midwife, Pu'ah, is a Canaaite name which means "lass or "little girl". Rashi: Jochebed, she is called Shifrah. Rashi sees Shifrah as the mother, and Puah as the daughter. Since the Torah reveals rather than conceals, they must be the mother and daughter mentioned elsewhere in the story, namely, Yochebed and Miriam (Gur Aryeh: Sifrei Chachamim- "Books of the Wise.") The name Puah is an expression of crying out (Isaiah 42:14).

If the Shiphrah on the Brooklyn document is the same as the one in the Bible, or a close contemporary, then the Pharaoh of the Exodus must be the one named Dudimose or Tutimaios. However, Shiphrah is described in the Bible and Jewish traditions as not being enslaved, rather hired by Pharaoh, and then was saved from slavery the entire time in Egypt. If this interpretation is correct, then the Shiphrah in the list may be another woman of the same name, but the chronological connection remains in place. Other possibilities are that Shiphrah may have been first a slave, then freed; or that the Jewish traditions may not go back in time far enough to be authentic. Francine Klagsbrun said that the refusal of Shiphrah and her colleague Puah to follow the Pharaoh's genocidal instructions "may be the first known incident of civil disobedience in history." (Voices of Wisdom,

Thrasyllus of Mendes - Goes Here ->

http://en.wikipedia....w_Investigation
The main contribution of this volume is a careful linguistic analysis by Van Seters in which he argues that the Ipuwer Papyrus does not belong to the First Intermediate Period of Egyptian History (c. 2300-2200 BCE), as previously thought, but rather to the Second Intermediate Period (c. 1700-1600 BCE). Van Seters' case has not been universally accepted by Egyptologists, who continue to suggest a range of dates for the composition of Ipuwer. Given a revised chronology, such as that suggested by David Rohl, Van Seters' dating could lend support to the theory (presented by other scholars, though not discussed by Van Seters) that the Ipuwer Document, which contains such statements as "The River is blood", describes conditions in Egypt at the time of the Biblical Exodus.

http://en.wikipedia...._Exodus_Decoded
The 2006 History Channel documentary explores evidence for the Biblical account of the Exodus. Its claims and methods were widely criticized both by Biblical scholars and by mainstream scientists.claims that most historians consider the Exodus a "fairy tale," and it also claims that others reject scientific explanations. Jacobovici suggests that the Exodus took place around 1500 BC, during the reign of pharaoh Ahmose I, and that it coincided with the Minoan eruption. In the documentary, the plagues that ravaged Egypt in the Bible are explained as having resulted from that eruption and a related limnic eruption in the Nile Delta. While much of Jacobovici's archaeological evidence for the Exodus comes from Egypt, some comes from Mycenae on mainland Greece, such as a gold ornament that somewhat resembles the Ark of the Covenant.

Jacobovici's Egyptian Arguments

•The Hyksos Expulsion, contemporaneous Egyptian records of the driving out of the mysterious Hyksos people. Jacobovici suggests that the Hyksos and the Hebrews were one and the same, a thesis he supports with Egyptian-style signet rings uncovered in the Hyksos capital of Avaris that read "Yakov/Yakub" (from Yaqub-her), similar to the Hebrew name of the Biblical patriarch Jacob (Ya'aqov).

•The Ahmose stele, also called the Tempest Stele pieces of this stone tablet were unearthed in Karnak by Henri Chevalier in 1947. In it an unknown god incurs one of the same plagues described in the Biblical account (darkness, also described as "a great storm"). The Exodus Decoded official website quotes the stele, "How much greater is this the impressive manifestation of the great God, than the plans of the gods!" An alternative reading is "Then His Majesty said 'How these (events) surpass the power of the great god and the wills of the divinities!'".[5]

•Ahmose I. Jacobovici suggests that the name of the Pharaoh at the time of the Exodus may have been a pun (paronomasia). Jacobovici states that in Hebrew, the Egyptian name Ahmose would mean "Brother of Moses." Yet in Egyptian, "Mose," "Moses," "Mes," etc. means "son of."[6] and "Ah" is a common part of Egyptian royal names referring to the moon god Iah.[7] The documentary also examines the mummy of Ahmose's son, Sapair, who appears to have died at the age of 12. In the Bible, the pharaoh loses a son to the Plague of the Firstborn.

•Serabit el-Khadim turquoise mine, a labour camp in the Sinai with a Semitic alphabetic inscription that reads "O El, save me from these mines." He argues that the use of "El" suggests that it was written before the alleged revelation at Sinai, supporting the thesis that Hebrews were enslaved in Egypt, although this inscription was undated.

Jacobovici's Mycenaean Arguments

•Gravestones. Jacobovici suggests that three of the stones marking the wealthy tombs of Grave Circle A in Mycenae depict the parting of the Sea of Reeds. The stones, Jacobovici claims, show a man on a chariot in pursuit of a man on foot carrying a long, straight object. Jacobovici proposes that the man on the chariot is Ahmose I, the man on foot is Moses, and the long, straight object is the staff of Aaron. Above and below the scene are rows of swirls which, in Jacobovici's interpretation, represent the parting waters. He admits, however, that archaeologists have typically interpreted the scene as a chariot race, with the long, straight object being a spear or sword.

•A Gold ornament excavated from one of the tombs in the Grave Circle is believed by Jacobovici to show the Ark of the Covenant against a background of the tabernacle altar. However, when you compare the photo of the gold ornament to the Biblical story of God telling Moses how to build the Ark, the descriptions differ in several ways. Jacobovici suggests that members of the Tribe of Dan may have emigrated to Mycenae after the Exodus. This, the documentary suggests, is why Homer refers to the buried at Mycenae as "Danaoi." The Greek myth states, however, that the Danaoi were descended from the Argosites under the matriarch Danaë.

Jacobovici's assertions have been extensively criticized both by archaeologists and religious scholars. The criticism addresses each of Jacobovici's claims, as well as his methods in general. Critics [can] point [to 19 potential credability flaws.] [I've deleted some of the ridiculous one's, and left a few that show in some sense that the dates and presumptions of certain events maybe flawed, while maintaining the storyline]

•Jacobovici in the absence of any other evidence, Jacobovici attempts to find a real-world explanation for a Biblical phenomenon. Then, from the fact that a phenomenon could be caused by a certain [event.]
•Jacobovici's method of first assuming that the Biblical description was an embellished description of a real world event, followed up with claims, explanation diverges from the Biblical description.
•Chris Heard also claims through carbon dating evidence that the Santorini eruption happened some time between 1550 BC and 1650 BC, narrowed to between 1627-1600 BC.
•Jacobovici puts the Exodus in 1500 BC. However, it is believed that the pharaoh Ahmose ruled decades earlier, in 1550–1525 BC. Jacobovici does not address the issue.
•Jacobovici claims that the Ahmose can be understood as 'brother of Moses'. Actual hieroglyphics in the pharaoh's name read Yahmes, and means 'moon born' or 'moon is born'.
•Furthermore, Moses is an English version of the Greek variant of the traditionally Hebrew Mosheh. Egyptian would have differentiated between 's' and 'sh' in Mose / Mosheh.
•Jacobovici's support [of claim's that he makes concerning the] Egyptian plague's.
•Chris Heard on his "Higgaion" website claims that while Jacobovici talks of a palpable ash cloud in Egypt, 800 kilometers from the volcanic eruption.
•Jacobovici's claim of a shelf collapse, leading to a decrease in water levels, immediately followed by a second natural disaster, a tsunami, leading to a restoration of water levels.
•Jacobovici presents the Beni Hasan tomb painting as proof of Jewish migration into Egypt. Dated to the reign of pharaoh Senusret II, circa 1890 BC and not Jacobovici's claim of 1700 BC.
•Prof. Heard claims that presenting a ring signed Jacob-har and linking it to the Biblical Joseph, Jacobovici ignores the fact that Yaqub-Har is a well-attested to Egyptian [Hyksos] pharaoh.
•Chris Heard states that inscriptions at Serabit el-Khadem, which refer to El, are not necessarily proof that Hebrews worked in the mines. [Canaan was tied to or in revolt of Egypt time periods]
•Serabit el-Khadem mines to the Exodus is suspect, since the Bible tells of Moses liberating Hebrew builders from the Nile delta, not miners from 400 kilometers to the South.
•The Admonitions of Ipuwer [Papyrus] that according to Jacobovici describes a plague of hail and fire.1850 BC - 1600 BC, Jacobovici's Exodus 1500 BC. ca. 2134 to 2040 BC. [IP]
•The El-Arish [text in the stele is mythological] granite shrine dates to nearly a thousand years after 1500 BC, and the symbols Jacobovici refers to as the 'parting of the red sea.
•Chris Heard claims that 3 Greek stelae, Jacobovici only shows stelae 2 and 3 from Grave Circle A, and does not show stele 1, which clearly shows a hunting scene with chariots, not Moses and the pharaoh.
•The swirls motif on the stele, which Jacobovici identifies as water, is very common in Mycenaean art of the period, and often appears in context that clearly excludes its identification with water.
•Jacobovici greatly distorts the Biblical description of the Ark of the Tabernacle, to present the Greek pendant as a representation of the Ark. The pendant does not resemble the biblical description. [Salverda]

http://en.wikipedia....y_and_Tradition
Abraham in History and Tradition is a book by biblical scholar John Van Seters, challenged the dominant view, popularised by William Foxwell Albright, that the patriarchal narratives of Genesis can be identified on archaeological grounds with the Mesopotamian world of 2nd millennium BC. Van Seters noted that many of Albright's parallels were vague, and fit other regions than Mesopotamia and other times than 2nd millennium. The book was also a criticism of the school of Tradition history advanced most notably by Hermann Gunkel and Martin Noth: Van Seters "argues that Noth's (1948) idea of a "pentateuchal oral tradition" is flawed both historically (with respect to the history of Israel). Van Seters instead proposed that Genesis was an essentially literary work, but one based on a process of supplementation by successive authors rather on a edactorial process (i.e., on the combination of separate documents by an editor or editors). This in turn amounted to a major challenge to the Documentary Hypothesis, the dominant theory concerning the origins of the Pentateuch.

At the time Van Seters published "Abraham in History and Tradition" the dominant scholarly theory regarding the composition of the Pentateuch was the Documentary Hypothesis. This held that the books of the Torah, including the Genesis accounts of Abraham and the Patriarchs, were based on four independent sources. Each of these was originally a complete document in itself, dating from between the 10th and 7th centuries BC and combined into the final work by a Redactor (editor) in the Persian period, c.450 BC. Van Seters retained the idea of source documents but dropped the idea of a redactor, which meant dropping the documentary model itself. In its place he adopted a supplemental model, "a successive supplementation of one source or author by another," in which a Yahwist (not identical with Wellhausen's Yahwist) working in the period of the Babylonian exile was the major but not the final author of Genesis.

[Looks like they hit on some, some dates, times, peoples, places line up, all these nations are stooped in myth! cultural amnesia? forgery? celestial-terrestial event? babel? this is incomplete but gets the job done!]

Last Post Time Excerpts Language Culture

x. 1100 BC—Tiglath-Pileser I of Assyria conquers the Hittites.
c. 1100 BC—The Dorians invade Ancient Greece.
c. 1100 BC—Mycenaean era ends with the destruction of that civilisation. The collapse of Mycenaean dominance starts.
c. 1100 BC—Late Minoan culture ends.
c. 1100 BC—Greek Dark Ages begin.
c. 1100 BC—Beginning of the proto-Villanovan culture in northern Italy.
c. 1100 BC—The New Kingdom in Egypt comes to an end.
c. 1100 BC—Shang Dynasty ends in China.
a. 1100 BC-King David is ruler over Israel.
c. 1100 BC—Zarathustra is born. [Or 650-500 BC]
a. 1100 BC—Alphabet developed by Phoenicians.
a. 1100 BC—MUL.APIN developed by Assyrians: an ancient catalog of constellations.
c. 1100 BC- Hamath is renowned for its 17 norias [wheels with pots-waterwheels] used for irrigation. Though historically used for purpose of irrigation, the norias exist today as [a aesthetic tourist attraction].

x. 1000-900-The Stepped Stone Structure is the name given to the remains at a particular archaeological site on the eastern side of the City of David. Kathleen Kenyon dated the structure to the start of Iron Age II ( Macalister believed it to be Jebusite. Macalister, the first to excavate the structure, called the remains he had found a ramp; other scholars, after the more recent discoveries by Kenyon and Shiloh, have suggested that it might be a retaining wall, or a fortress. Mazar makes the following arguments for an Israelite royal palace from the early tenth century: 1) That enormous scale of the structure and physical distinctions between it and other contemporary structures. 2) That it was erected outside the walls of the Jebusite city. 3) Pottery and pavements in the structure and dated to the 10th century 4) the fact that latest pottery found beneath the structure is a "sizable and richly varied" assemblage dated to the 12th - 11th centuries BCE. 5) both pottery types and radio carbon dating point to a date around the year 1000 6) potters in the attached Stepped Stone Structure also dates its construction to the 10th century 7) two Phoenician-style stylized ivory inlays and a black-and-red juglet imported form Cyprus attest to a Phoenician connections, a 10th century date, and a luxury lifestyle. 8) bullae with names of royal officials mentioned in the Bible attest to royal use continuing until 586 and "illustrate" the reliability of Biblical sources.

c. 0960 BC-Yigael Yadin in 1971 found the city gate of Gezer which King Solomon built, and the Bible described in 1 Kings 9:15 "Now this is the way King Solomon conscripted the Labor Corps to build the house of the Lord, his house, the Millo, the wall of Jerusalem, Hazor, Megiddo, and Gezer" 1 Kings 9:15

c. 0957 BC_945-Brutus Greenshield rules for 12 years after the death of Ebraucus in Britain.
x. 0957 BC—The reign of Mu Wang of the Zhou Dynasty ends.
x. 0952 BC—Thersippus, King of Athens dies after a reign of 41 years and is succeeded by his son Phorbas.
c. 0950 BC–800 BC—Some early parts of the Bible are written.
b. 0950 BC-Hebrew and Aramaic language developed. The Jahvehist Source of the Torah is written
x. 0950 BC—Northern Egypt starts to be ruled by Libyan pharaohs. The Libyans build cities and for the first time a sturdy urban life grows up in the Nile Delta.

c. 0950 BC- The Foundation Stone also called the Well of Souls, located in the Dome of the Rock. According to the Bible, King David purchased a threshing floor owned by Araunah the Jebusite [dated much earlier], and some believe that it was upon this rock that he offered the sacrifice mentioned. David wanted to construct a Temple in Jerusalem, but as his hands were "bloodied," he was forbidden to do so himself. The task was left to his son Solomon, who completed the Temple.

c. 0801 BC_796-Queen Cordelia rules for 5 years after the death of Leir (Llyr) in Britain.
c. 0800 BC—Greek Dark Ages end.
c. 0800 BC-The Upanishads are composed.
c. 0800 BC–700—Pre-Etruscan period in Italy. Etruscan civilization.
x. 0800 BC-The Olmecs build pyramids.
a. 0800 BC-Intrusion of Assyria and then Babylon into the region, states and cities lose independence.
b. 0800 BC-Elohist Source of the Torah is written.
c. 0800 BC-The Phrygian, Moabite, Ammonite and Arabian languages are developed.

b. 0800 BC_600-The Temple Mount Antiquities Salvage Operation had recovered numerous artifacts dating from the 8th to 7th centuries BCE from dirt removed in 1999 by the Islamic Religious Trust (Waqf) from the Solomon's Stables area of the Temple Mount. These include stone weights for weighing silver and a First Temple period bulla, or seal impression, containing ancient Hebrew writing, which may have belonged to a well-known family of priests mentioned in the Book of Jeremiah.

e. 0700 BC-Hittite culture survived in Carchemish, Milid (Malatya, Turkey), and eastern Asia Minor until about this time.
a. 0700 BC-The Greeks found Miletus, Ephesus, and Priene and a number of other cities in Ionia, an area along the Aegean coast.
e. 0700 BC-Phrygia is overrun and destroyed by the Cimmerians.
x. 0700 BC—The Scythians start settling in Cimmerian areas, slowly replacing the previous inhabitants.
x. 0700 BC—End of the Villanovan culture in northern Italy and rise of the Etruscan civilization.
x. 0700 BC—The Upanishads, a sacred text of Hinduism, are written around this time.
c. 0700 BC—Geometric period of vases ends in Ancient Greece. Orientalizing period of vases starts. It starts in Corinth.
c. 0700 BC—Hesiod writes "Theogony".
x. 0700 BC–Cities again begin to appear on the Indian subcontinent, especially in the north.
e. 0700 BC Demotic Egyptian (“popular Egyptian”) became the accepted distinctive literary language script. It was written with a distinctive script.
e. 0700 BC_500-Zapotec developed into the earliest known form of pictorial writing, or hieroglyphs.
e. 0700 BC metalworking origins begin in the northern Central Andes of the America's.
c. 0700 BC–509—Etruscan supremacy period in Italy. Etruscan language is developed by 700BC.

k. 700 BC_600s Migrations had ended in the Indian sub-continent Traders, merchants and landlords appeared, as did money lenders. Indians began trading with Arabia and the great empire of the Assyrians. In the 600s, India began trading with China, the Malay peninsula and the islands of what are now Indonesia and the Philippines.

http://www.dailymail...ed-atheism.html
School pupils age 4 are to be taught atheism in a move schools hope will equip them to be 'citizens of the world'.
Education bosses in Blackburn with Darwen, Lancashire, have radically restructured the syllabus to accommodate non-religious beliefs.
Youngsters will continue to learn about 6 major faiths - Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism and Sikhism
But they will also be taught humanism, the belief that there is no God or Gods, and that moral values are founded on human nature and experience.

'Values are very important. I don't think the non God aspect should be introduced into the curriculum.
'I don't think it is right. People are born into faiths and are brought up in that faith and that's how it should stay.
'Non-faith beliefs send a wrong message to the children and confuse them.'
'This is the first time we have given respect for non-religious life stances.

Rev. Kevin Logan, a local journalist, author and religious community leader, said:
'It is quite a change but, it is ... right to recognise atheism and humanism.
[Secular Humanism = Religion, Evolution = Education, etc ... ^]
'They are religions like any others. It is just that people worship man instead of a god.
'I am certainly not worried about Christianity. It can stand against any belief and come out in a good light.'
Read more: http://www.dailymail...l#ixzz1I768Wty7

http://www.online-li...ead.php?t=60423
http://www.thechrist...showtopic=16046

Hi, I've watched this forum some from time to time.
For the last 6 months, I've been doing a lot of research concerning the Origins of the Tribes of Israel and Other Nations, Troy, the Exodus and Joshua 10:12-14 as related to history. This is alot of reading and it may take several weeks to scan this information. But, is anyone interested in discussing these topics with me?

http://www.christian...itive-material/
https://sites.google...eyklansmen/home

Exodus/Sea Peoples Thread
Beginning Here -> http://www.unexplain...dpost&p=1875579
Ending Here -> http://www.unexplain...dpost&p=1882722

Troy Thread
Begin -> http://www.unexplain...ic=189289&st=90
End -> http://www.unexplain...c=189289&st=360
Achaeamenid -> http://www.unexplain...howtopic=197489
Asia Minor -> http://www.unexplain...howtopic=201174
British Troy & Troyes-> http://www.unexplain...howtopic=201156

:huh::unsure: :blink: h34r: -_- :mellow:

http://www.dailymail...al-history.html
http://www.coasttoco...show/2011/04/02
Seventy metal books found in cave in Jordan could change our view of Biblical history
Could this be the biggest find since the Dead Sea Scrolls?
[Paleo-Hebrew-Hasmonean-Dialect-Encoded- It would conform Gospel Accounts]

An ancient collection of 70 tiny books, lead pages bound with wire, could unlock some of the secrets of the earliest days of Christianity.
Academics are divided as to their authenticity but say that if verified, they could prove as pivotal as the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls in 1947.

On pages not much bigger than a credit card, are images, symbols and words that appear to refer to the Messiah and, possibly even, to the Crucifixion and Resurrection.
Adding to the intrigue, many of the books are sealed, prompting academics to speculate they are actually the lost collection of codices mentioned in the Bible’s Book Of Revelation.

If the dating is verified, the books would be among the earliest Christian documents, predating the writings of St Paul. Contemporary accounts of the final years of Jesus’s life has excited scholars – although their enthusiasm is tempered by the fact that experts have previously been fooled by sophisticated fakes. David Elkington, a British scholar of ancient religious history and archeology, and one of the few to have examined the books, says they could be ‘the major discovery of Christian history’.

The Jordanian Government is now working at the highest levels to repatriate and safeguard the collection. Philip Davies, emeritus professor of biblical studies at Sheffield University, said there was powerful evidence that the books have a Christian origin in plates cast into a picture map of the holy city of Jerusalem.There is a cross in the foreground, and behind it is what has to be the tomb [of Jesus], a small building with an opening, and behind that the walls of the city.
‘There are walls depicted on other pages of these books too and they almost certainly refer to Jerusalem. It is a Christian crucifixion taking place outside the city walls.’

Read more: http://www.dailymail...l#ixzz1IRPpEqYl

http://judaism.about...recki_kohen.htm
In Sunday school we were told that all Kohanim are direct descendants of Moses’ brother Aharon. And we learned that the patrilineal line of the Kohanim has been passed from father to son since the time of Aharon - 3,300 years ago or for more than 100 generations. If Kohanim are descendants of one man, they should have a common set of genetic markers--that of their common ancestor Aharon HaKohen -- at a higher frequency than the general Jewish population. Skorecki’s tests found that a particular array of six chromosomal markers were found in 97 of the 106 Kohens tested. This collection of markers has come to be known as the Cohen Modal Haplotype (CMH). The chances of these findings happening at random is greater than one in 10,000. The finding of a common set of genetic markers in both Ashkenazi and Sefardi Kohanim worldwide indicates an origin pre-dating the separate development of the two communities around 1000 C.E. Date calculation based on the variation of the mutations among Kohanim today yields a time frame of 106 generations from the ancestral founder of the line, some 3,300 years, the approximate time of the Exodus from Egypt, the lifetime of Aharon HaKohen.

http://judaism.about...als/f/kohen.htm
In 1997, Dr. Karl Skorecki, a nephrologist and a top-level researcher at the University of Toronto and the Rambam-Technion Medical Center in Haifa, believed that if today's Kohanim are the descendants of one man (Aaron HaCohen), then they should have a common set of genetic markers at a higher frequency than the general Jewish population. Skorecki's study found that a particular marker (YAP-) was detected in 98.5 percent of the Kohanim, and in a significantly lower percentage of non-Kohanim.

http://www.cambridge...l-haplotype.php
The Cohanim are descendants of one man, and have a common set of genetic markers - a common haplotype - that of their common genetic ancestor, "Y-chromosomal Aaron". With the help of mathematical models scientists estimate that this last common ancestor of the Cohanim lived at some time between 2,100 to 3,250 years ago - a time coinciding with the oral history describing Aaron and his descendant Cohanim.

https://sites.google.com/site/killcarneyklansmen/home/apis
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http://www.pasthoriz...salem-uncovered
Excavations in the Ophel have been conducted by Dr. Eilat Mazar of the Hebrew University Institute of Archaeology. The fragment that has been found is 2×2.8 centimetres in size and one centimetre thick. Dated to the 14th century B.C.E., it appears to have been part of a tablet and contains cuneiform symbols in ancient Akkadian (the lingua franca of that era). The words the symbols form are not important in themselves, but what is significant is that the script was written by a highly skilled scribe that in all likelihood prepared tablets for the royal household of the time.

The fragment found at the Ophel is believed to be contemporary with the some 380 tablets discovered in the 19th century at Amarna in Egypt in the archives of Pharaoh Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten), who lived in the 14th century B.C.E. The archives include tablets sent to Akhenaten by the kings who were subservient to him in Canaan and Syria and include details about the complex relationships between them, covering many facets of governance and society. Among these tablets are six that are addressed from Abdi-Heba, the Canaanite ruler of Jerusalem. The tablet fragment in Jerusalem is most likely part of a message that would have been sent from the king of Jerusalem, possibly Abdi-Heba himself, back to Egypt.

Mazar says this new discovery, provides solid evidence of the importance of Jerusalem during the Late Bronze Age (the second half of the second century B.C.E.), acting as a counterpoint to some who have used the lack of substantial archaeological evidence from that period to argue that Jerusalem was not a major centre during that period.

http://en.wikipedia....ki/Sons_of_Noah
"the Amorite", offspring of Canaan, a people living between the Jordan and Euphrates rivers by at least 2000 BC, known as Amurru to the Akkadians and Egyptians.
"the Jebusite", offspring of Canaan, a tribe that lived around Jerusalem, that was formerly known as Jebus according to the Books of Kings.

Cush, son of Ham. The Empire of Kush to the south of Egypt is known from at least 1970 BC, but this name has also been associated by some with the Kassites who inhabited the Zagros area of Mesopotamia, the Sumerian city of Kish.[citation needed]
[Plus a 3rd connection to Jethro/Sarmatian, Kenite [Priests & Smithy's], Idumea/Medina][Sons of Ham, sons of Cush/Kish]

# Seba, Yemen and Ethiopia, with much confusion with Sheba below. (The Shibboleth-like division amongst the Sabaeans into Sheba and Seba is acknowledged elsewhere, for example in Psalm 72, leading scholars to suspect that this is not a mistaken duplication of the same name, but a genuine historical division. The significance of this division is not yet completely understood, though it may simply reflect which side of the sea each was on.)[citation needed]

# Havilah, son of Cush. Usually considered to be a part of the Arabian peninsula near the Red Sea.[citation needed]
# Sabtah, son of Cush. Sometimes connected with Hadhramis (their ancient capital being Saubatha) in eastern Yemen.[citation needed]
# Raamah, son of Cush. Has been connected with Rhammanitae mentioned by Strabo in the southwest Arabian peninsula, and with an Arabian city of Regmah.
* Sheba, son of Raamah. Sabaeans peoples on either side of the narrowest part of the Red Sea, in both Yemen/South Arabia, and Eritrea/Ethiopia/Somalia.
* Dedan, son of Raamah. Apparently a region of the Tabuk Province of Saudi Arabia.[citation needed]
# Sabtechah, son of Cush. Possibly Sabaiticum Ostium, Sabaeans living around a specific harbour in Eritrea.[citation needed]
# Akkad; son of Cush, Nimrod, also identified as a mighty hunter before God, and the founder of ancient Babel.

http://ikeepithere.b...ns-of-noah.html
The Scythians or Scyths were an Ancient Iranian people of horse-riding nomadic pastoralists who throughout Classical Antiquity dominated the Pontic-Caspian steppe, known at the time as Scythia. By Late Antiquity the closely-related Sarmatians came to dominate the Scythians in this area...

http://greekhistory.yuku.com/topic/391
Diodorus XL 3:3-6 was the first mention of the Torah in Greek literature. Hecataeus tells us the population of Jerusalem was 120,000. Possibly the figures were exaggerated, but Jews were already a numerous people and the frontiers of their country too narrow to hold them.13 Soon after 300 B.C.E. Greek intellectuals lost interest in the Judaeans and it wasn't until the Maccabean revolt that the Jews attracted attention once again.

Were the Jews aware of the Greeks before the Macedonians invaded? Of course they were. In the book of Genesis, the Table of Nations mentions, 'Yavan,' meaning "Ionians," the name all "barbarians" gave to the Greeks.14 Myceanaean pottery was found on both sides of the Jordan River.15 The Second Samuel tells us King David apparently employed mercenaries from Crete.16 After the Babylonian exile, Jewish merchants traveled to all parts of the Persian empire. Greek mercenaries fought in Palestine in the pay of Egyptian pharaohs.17 Papyri, discovered both in Egypt and the Dead Sea caves, are shedding considerable light on a period that was lacking in sources.

A place-name alongside the Volga was known as Siberia. Today, Siberia is in northern Russia where the Toboloskis migrated. The name originated in the Subartu district of ancient Tubal in Asia Minor.

http://www.servantsn...612/s961224.htm - Madai, Tubal and Meschech
Isaiah references to them in ch 13:4, 17 "The noise of a multitude of mountains, like as of a great people; a tumultuous noise of the kingdoms of Nations gathered together: the Lord of hosts mustereth the host of the battle...Behold, I will stir up the Medes, against them [the Chaldeans]....". "Go up, O Elam: besiege, O Media; all the sighing thereof, have I made to cease...'Babylon is fallen, is fallen'..." (Is 21:2, 9).

Jeremiah also predicted the downfall of modern Babylon at the hands of these northern forces:

"For, lo, I will raise and cause to come up against Babylon an assembly of great Nations from the North country...Behold, a people shall come from the North, and a great nation, and many kings shall be raised up, from the coasts of the earth. They shall hold the bow and the lance : they are cruel, and will not show mercy: their voice shall roar like the sea, and they shall ride upon horses..." (Jer. 50:9, 41-42).

"...the Lord hath raised up the spirit of the kings of the Medes : for his device is against Babylon... ...call together against her the kingdoms of Ararat [Georgia, Armenia between the Black and Caspian Seas in Russia], Minni [anciently the northern frontier of the Medes] and Aschkenaz [the descendants of Gomer in south-east Asia]...." (Jer. 51:11, 27).

The Sarmatian dagger and sword used by these people were exactly like that of the Medes. Researcher, Sulimirski, maintains that "the Sarmatians were...closely akin to the ancient Medes, Parthians and Persians."

Rostovtzeff wrote that "the Scythian kingdom—a formation almost completely Iranian, a northern counter-part of the kingdom of Darius and Xerxes...the Sarmatians, whose Iranian nationality is not disputed". Herodotus wrote that the Medes were beginning to settle in the Ukraine even in his time. He maintained that there was a people who "dress in the Median fashion" and who "claim to be colonists from Media" that "live north of Thrace...beyond the Danube". Pliny noted that "Next come the two mouths of the river Don, where the inhabitants are the Sarmatae, said to be descended from the Medes".

http://www.sciencedi...2d&searchtype=a
The chemical composition of 17 gold foil artefacts from a Late Sarmatian burial were determined. The gold ranged in fineness from 921 fine to 998 fine. Copper was clearly an addition in 4 of the samples, but it is uncertain if the copper in the other 13 samples was intentionally. Hierarchical cluster analysis of the trace element compositions suggests that the gold used in these artefacts came from three different “sources” or workshops. The high platinum content of one of the source groups suggests that the gold possibly came from the southern Urals.
[Find More Info Later]

http://www.biblestud...nd-chaldee.html
Translations from the Septuagint and Chaldee - There are three stages of Jerome's work of Scripture Translation. The first is during his stay at Rome, a.d. 382-385, when he translated only from the Greek-the New Testament from the Greek mss., and the Book of Psalms from the LXX. The second is the period immediately after his settlement at Bethlehem, but marked with obeli and asterisks the passages in which that version differed from the Hebrew: the third from a.d. 390-404, in which he translated directly from the Hebrew. The work of the second period of the Old Testament was translated, but most of it was lost during his lifetime. What remains is the Book of Job, the Psalms, Chronicles, the Books of Solomon, and Tobit and Judith.

Jerome points out the advantages he enjoyed, in living in Palestine, for obtaining correct information on matters illustrative of Scripture, especially the names of places. The mss. of the LXX. on such points were so corrupt that occasionally three names were run into one, and "you would think that you had before you, not a heap of Hebrew names, but those of some foreign and Sarmatian tribe."

http://jonathanhaywa...06/npnf2021.htm
The Preface is to Chromatius and Heliodorus. It recognizes that the books are apocryphal. After his usual complaints of "the Pharisees" who impugned his translations, he says: "Inasmuch as the Chaldee is closely allied to the Hebrew, I procured the help of the most skilful speaker of both languages I could find, and gave to the subject one day's hasty labour, my method being to explain in Latin, with the aid of a secretary, whatever an interpreter expressed to me in Hebrew words." As to Judith, he notes that the Council of Nicaea had, contrary to the Hebrew tradition. included it in the Canon of Scripture, and this, with his friends' requests, had induced him to undertake the labour of emendation and translation.

http://www.npr.org/2...ace?sc=fb&cc=fp
By studying infrared images taken by NASA satellites, Sarah Parcak and her team from the University of Alabama at Birmingham identified the suspected pyramids in Tanis, Egypt. The ancient city, abandoned centuries ago. "What these satellites do is they record light radiation that's reflected off the surface of the Earth in different parts of the light spectrum," Parcak explains to NPR's Rachel Martin. "We use false color imaging to try to tease out these very subtle differences on the ground." Her team left their computer screens in Birmingham to meet up with an excavation team onsite in Egypt. They found the excavated structure matched the satellite images almost perfectly — a big win for a new technology that could rescue ancient treasures before the human population spread buries them forever.

http://www.unexplain...dpost&p=3748855
Notes: Pre Exodus Chaldean Antediluvian
Notes: Land of the Goshenites, Tanis, Danaus, Djeknet, Tjekker, Pelu(sic), Thebe(s), Avar, Minoan, Aegean, the AhMoses

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanis
Tanis the Greek name of ancient Djanet there are ruins of a number of temples, including the chief temple dedicated to Amun, and a very important royal necropolis of the 3rd Intermediate Period (which contains the only known intact royal Pharaonic burials — the tomb of Tutankhamun having been entered in antiquity). The chief deities of Tanis were Amun, his consort, Mut, and their child Khonsu, forming the Tanite triad. This triad ... identical to that of Thebes, leading many scholars to speak of Tanis as the "northern Thebes". Tanis was the site of numerous archaeological digs beginning in the 19th century, involving Flinders Petrie and Auguste Mariette.

http://en.wikipedia....iki/Pi-Ramesses
Pi-Ramesses "House of Ramesses, Great in Victory" was the new capital built by the 19th Dynasty of Egypt Pharaoh Ramesses II (Ramesses the Great, reigned 1279 - 1213 BC) at Qantir near the old site of Avaris. The city had previously served as a summer palace under Seti I (c.1290 BC - 1279 BC) and may have been originally founded by Ramesses I (c.1292-1290 BC) while he served under Horemheb. In the 1960s Manfred Bietak, recognising that Pi-Ramesses was known to have been located on the then-easternmost branch of the Nile, painstakingly mapped all the branches of the ancient Delta and established that the Pelusiac branch was the easternmost during Ramesses' reign while the Tanitic branch (i.e. the branch on which Tanis was located) did not exist at all. Excavations were therefore begun at the site of the highest Ramesside pottery location, Tell el-Dab´a and Qantir, and although there were no traces of any previous habitation visible on the surface, discoveries soon identified this as both the Hyksos capital Avaris and the Ramesside capital Pi-Ramesses. (Qantir, the site of Pi-Ramesses, lies some 30 kilometers to the south of Tanis; Tell el-Dab´a, the site of Avaris, is situated a little further south of Qantir)

http://www.christian...post__p__106225
Egyptian © 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Egypt has the oldest continuously existing civilization in the world. Most scholars believe that the Egyptian kingdom was first unified in about 3100 bc. Egypt maintained its independence and unity for many centuries thereafter. It suffered disunity now and then and experienced brief periods of foreign domination. Semitic [Asiatic] Hyksos in the 17th and 16th centuries [for a good part of 200 years ruled Egypyt, From the 18th Dynasty, about 1550 to 1150 the end of the 19th Dynasty, Egypt was relatively stable internally, In the last years of Thutmosis III's reign to Amenhotep . 1094 BC_1064-20th Dynasty, Ramesses XI, grew so weak that in the south the High Priests of Amun at Thebes became the effective defacto rulers of Upper Egypt, while Smendes controlled Lower Egypt even before Ramesses XI's death. Smendes would eventually found the 21st dynasty at Tanis. 1077 BC-21st Dynasty After the reign of Ramesses III, a long, slow decline of royal power in Egypt followed. The pharaohs ruled from Tanis, but were mostly active only in Lower Egypt which they controlled. This dynasty is described as 'Tanite' because its political capital was based at Tanis. Meanwhile, the High Priests of Amun at Thebes effectively ruled Middle and Upper Egypt in all but name. The later Egyptian Priest Manetho of Sebennytos states in his Epitome on Egyptian royal history that "the 21st Dynasty of Egypt lasted for 130 years." 945 BC_720-During the 22nd Dynasty of Egypt a series of Meshwesh Libyans settled in Egypt since the 20th Dynasty. Manetho states that the dynasty originated at Bubastis, but ruled from Tanis, which was their capital and the city where their tombs have been excavated. Tutkheperre Shoshenq, whose precise position within this dynasty is currently uncertain although he is now thought to have ruled Egypt early in the 9th century BC for a short time. The so-called 22nd Dynasty was an offshoot of this dynasty perhaps based in Upper Egypt (South-Thebes), though there is much debate concerning this issue. All of its kings reigned in Middle and Upper Egypt including the Western Desert Oases. The next ruler at Tanis after Shoshenq V was Osorkon IV but this king is not believed to be a member of the 22nd Dynasty since he only controlled a small portion of Lower Egypt (North) together with Tefnakhte of Sais—whose authority was recognised at Memphis—and Iuput II of Leontopolis. The growth of Assyria in the 9th-7th centuries began to rival Egyptian supremecy]

Visit my Post on Medevil and Ancient Kingdoms KCKultimateKoH
http://forums.civfan...t=367261&page=2

:lol:

http://www.christianityboard.com/topic/12966-more-astonishing-bible-proof-warning-athiests-this-is-adult-sensitive-material/page__view__findpost__p__106212

There were 4 different orders of Hyksos, Asiatics. and 2 other dynasties, plus the Shepard Kings as Manetho would put it that were closely associated with Tanis and Thebes (North and South), and more than likely in some ways with the Aegean and Minoan like cultures having a close connection to it. Zarah, Dardanus, Colchis, Thebes and Danaan's in Greece and Asia Minor is a perfect example of this.

http://www.unexplained-mysteries.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=189289&st=300

[url="http://0.tqn.com/d/ancienthistory/1/7/k/T/2/786px-Persian_empire_490bc.gif"]http://0.tqn.com/d/a...mpire_490bc.gif[/url][?IMG]
Map of the Persian Empire in 490 B.C. Public Domain. Courtesy of Wikipedia. Created by West Point's History Department.

[url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smerdis_of_Persia"]http://en.wikipedia....erdis_of_Persia[/url]
[url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paishiyauvada"]http://en.wikipedia....i/Paishiyauvada[/url]
[url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistaspa"]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistaspa[/url]

In the Gathas, Vishtaspa is repeatedly (Y. 46.14, 51.16, 53.2) referred to as a kavi, which is etymologically a term for a mantic seer, or poet-priest, and in Yasna 28.11 is also used of Zoroaster's enemies. In the Younger Avesta the term is also applied to wise men generally, to include Vishtaspa and his ancestors. In tradition however, the kavis are kings, "evidently because Vīštāspa and his forbears, the 'kavis' par excellence, were princely rulers. Presumably the gift of prophecy, of mantic poetry, was hereditary in their family." Both scripture and tradition refer to Vishtaspa's ancestors but do not mention Vishtaspa's successors; Vishtaspa was apparently the last of his line, and the last of the kavis. In Zoroastrian apocalyptic chronology, the dynasties of the world are divided into seven ages, each named after a metal.

In medieval Zoroastrian chronology, Vishtaspa is identified as a grandfather of "Ardashir", i.e. the 5th century BCE Artaxerxes I (or II). This myth is tied to the Sassanid (early 3rd–early 7th century) claim of descent from Artaxerxes, and the claim of relationship to the Kayanids, that is, with Vishtaspa and his ancestors. The full adoption of Kayanid names, titles and myths from the Avesta by the Sassanids was a "main component of [Sassanid] ideology." The Sassanid association of their dynasty with Vishtaspa's is a development dated to the end of the 4th century, and which "arose to some extent because this was when the Sasanians conquered Balkh, the birthplace of Vishtasp and the 'holy land' of 'Zoroaster'.

As was also the case for the fourth century Roman identification of Zoroaster's patron with the late-6th century BCE father of Darius I (see below) – the identification of Vishtaspa as a grandfather of "Ardashir" (Artaxerxes I/II) was once perceived to substantiate the "traditional date" of Zoroaster, which places the prophet in the 6th century BCE. The traditional descriptions of Vishtaspa's ancestors as having chariots (a description that puts them fully in the Bronze Age) also contribute to the academic debate on the dating of Zoroaster; for a summary of the role of Vishtaspa's ancestors in this issue, see Boyce 1984, p. 62, n. 38.

[url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_century_BC"]http://en.wikipedia..../6th_century_BC[/url]

# 562 BC: Amel-Marduk succeeds Nebuchadnezzar as King of Babylon
# 560 BC: Neriglissar succeeds Amel-Marduk as King of Babylon
# 560 BC: Croesus becomes King of Lydia
# 560 BC: Pisistratus seizes the Acropolis of Athens and declares himself tyrant. He is deposed in the same year
# 550 BC: Carthage conquers Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica
# 559 BC: King Cambyses I of Anshan dies and is succeeded by his son Cyrus II the Great
# 558 BC: Hegesias removed as Archon of Athens
# 558 BC: The Chinese state of Jin defeats its rival Qin in battle
# 556 BC: Pisistratus is exiled from Athens to Euboea
# 556 BC: Labashi-Marduk succeeds Neriglissar as King of Babylon
# 555 BC: Nabonidus succeeds Labashi-Marduk as King of Babylon
# 550 BC: Abdera is destroyed by the Thracians
# 550 BC: Cyrus I of Anshan overthrows Astyages of the Medes, establishing the Persian Empire
# 550 BC: The Late Mumun Period begins in the Korean peninsula
# 547 BC: Croesus, Lydian King, is defeated by Cyrus of Persia near the River Halys
# 546 BC: Cyrus of Persia completes his conquest of Lydia, and makes Pasargadae his capital
# 544 BC: People of Teos migrate to Abdera, Thrace to escape the yoke of Persia
# 544 BC: King Jing of Zhou becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China
# 543 BC: North Indian Prince Vijaya invades Ceylon and establishes a Sinhalese dynasty[citation needed]
# 543 BC: Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens, purifies the island of Delos (approximate date)
# 540 BC: Greek city of Elea of southern Italy founded (approximate date)
# 540 BC: Persians conquer Lycian city of Xanthos, now in southern Turkey (approximate date).
# 539 BC: Babylon is conquered by Cyrus the Great, defeating Nabonidus

# 538 BC: Jews return from Babylonian exile, build the 2nd Temple about 70 years after the destruction of the First, from 520 BC–516 BC
# 537 BC: Jews transported to Babylon are allowed to return to Jerusalem, bringing to a close the Babylonian captivity
# 536 BC: According to tradition, the Biblical prophet Daniel receives an angelic visitor[3]
# 534 BC: Lucius Tarquinius Superbus becomes King of Rome
# 534 BC: Competitions for tragedy are instituted at the City Dionysia festival in Athens
# 530 BC: Cambyses II succeeds Cyrus as King of Persia
# 528 BC: Gautama Buddha attains Enlightenment, and begins his ministry. He founds Buddhism in India. It becomes a major world religion
# 526 BC: Psammetichus III succeeds Amasis II as King of Egypt
# 525 BC: Cambyses II, ruler of Persia, conquers Egypt, defeating Psammetichus III. This is considered the end of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty, and the start of the Twenty-seventh Dynasty
# 522 BC: Smerdis succeeds Cambyses II as ruler of Persia
# 522 BC: Babylon rebels against Persian rule
# 521 BC: Darius I succeeds Smerdis as ruler of Persia
# 521 BC: The Babylonian rebellion against Persian rule is suppressed
# 520 BC: King Dao of Zhou becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China but dies before the end of the year
# 520 BC: Cleomenes I succeeds Anaxandridas II as King of Sparta (approximate date)
# 519 BC: King Jing of Zhou becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China
# 516 BC: Indian subcontinent—Occupation of Punjab is completed by the Persian King Vistaspa
# 515 BC: 12 March, Construction is completed on the Temple in Jerusalem.

# 514 BC: King Helü of Wu establishes the "Great City of Helü", the ancient name for Suzhou, as his capital in China
# 513 BC: Darius the Great subdues the Getae and east Thrace in his war against the Scythians
# 510 BC: Hippias, son of Pisistratus and tyrant of Athens, is expelled by a popular revolt supported by Cleomenes I, King of Sparta and his forces
# 510 BC: End of reign of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, last King of the traditional seven Kings of Rome
# 510 BC: Establishment of the Roman Republic
# 510 BC: Demaratus succeeds Ariston as King of Sparta (approximate date)
# 509 BC: 13 September, The temple of Jupiter on Rome's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the Ides of September
# 508 BC: Office of pontifex maximus created in Rome
# 507 BC: Cleisthenes, Greek reformer, takes power and increases democracy
# 506 BC: Battle of Bai ju: Forces of the Kingdom of Wu under Sun Tzu defeat the forces of Chu.
# 505 BC: First pair of Roman consuls elected
# 502 BC: 4 December, Solar eclipse darkens Egypt (computed, no clear historical record of observation)
# 502 BC: The Latin League defeats the Etruscans under Lars Porsena at Aricia
# 502 BC: Naxos rebels against Persian domination sparking the Ionian Revolt
# 501 BC: Cleisthenes reforms democracy in Athens
# 501 BC: Naxos is attacked by the Persian Empire
# 501 BC: In response to threats by the Sabines, Rome creates the office of dictator
# 501 BC: Confucius is appointed governor of Chung-tu
# 501 BC: Gadir (present-day Cádiz) is captured by Carthage (approximate date)
# 500 BC: Bantu-speaking people migrate into south-west Uganda from the west (approximate date)
# 500 BC: Refugees from Teos resettle Abdera
# 500 BC: Darius I of Persia proclaims that Aramaic be the official language of the western half of his empire
# 500 BC: Signifies the end of the Nordic Bronze Age civilization in Oscar Montelius periodization system and begins the Pre-Roman Iron Age
# 500 BC: Foundation of first republic in Vaishali Bihar India

# Persians begin to seize power
# Persians dominate eastern Mediterranean
# The Persians under Darius I and later Cyrus invade Transoxiana
# Carthage's merchant empire slowly dominates the western Mediterranean

[url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon_Empire"]http://en.wikipedia..../Babylon_Empire[/url]
In 539 BC, Cyrus invaded Babylonia. A battle was fought at Opis in the month of June, where the Babylonians were defeated; and immediately afterwards Sippara surrendered to the invader. Nabonidus fled to Babylon, where he was pursued by Gobryas, and on the 16th day of the festival of Tammuz, two days after the capture of Sippara, "the soldiers of Cyrus entered Babylon without fighting." Nabonidus was captured, and the religious services continued without interruption. Cyrus did not arrive until the 3rd of Marchesvan (October), Gobryas having acted for him in his absence. Gobryas was now made governor of the province of Babylon, and a few days afterwards Belshazzar was killed in battle. A public mourning followed, lasting six days, and Cyrus accompanied the corpse to the tomb.

http://en.wikipedia....Indian_monarchs
Foreign Emperors in North-Western India (c. 538 BC - 750 AD)
These empires were vast, centered in Persia or the Mediterranean; their satrapies (provinces) in India were at their outskirts.

Persian Achaemenid Dynasty (c. 538-330 BC)

* Cyrus the Great (c. 538-529 BC), established the Achaemenid Empire, conquered parts of what is now Pakistan
* Cambyses II (530-521 BC)
* Smerdis (521 BC)
* Darius I (521-486 BC)
* Xerxes I (486-465 BC)
* Artaxerxes I (474-424 BC)

Haryanka/Shishunaga Dynasty (684-424 BC)

* Bimbisara (544-491 BC), founder of the first Magadhan empire
* Ajatashatru (491-461 BC)
* Udayin
* Anirudha
* Mund
* Darshaka (from 461 BC)
* Nagdashak (last ruler of Haryanka dynasty)

Shakya Dynasty (c. 650-500 BC)

* Sinahana
* Suddhodana Gautama (c. 600-500 BC), king of the Shakyas, father of Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)
* Maya (c. 600-500 BC), queen of the Shakyas, wife and cousin of Suddhodana, mother of Siddhartha
* Suprahuddha (c. 600-500 BC), lord of Devadaha Castle, brother of Maya, father of princess Yashodhara (wife of Buddha)

http://en.wikipedia....ki/Swat_culture
The Gandhara grave (or Swāt) culture emerged ca. 1600 BC, and flourished in Gandhara, Pakistan ca. 1500 BC to 500 BC (i.e. possibly up to the time of Pānini).

http://en.wikipedia....ki/Swat_culture
The Gandhara grave people have been associated by most scholars with early Indo-Aryan speakers, and the Indo-Aryan migration into South Asia [Cambyses-Kamboyjia], that, fused with indigenous elements of the remnants of the Indus Valley Civilization (OCP, Cemetery H), gave rise to the Vedic civilization. The Ghandara Grave culture people shared biological affinities with the population of Neolithic Mehrgarh, which suggests a "biological continuum" between the ancient populations of Timargarha and Mehrgarh. This is however not the opinion of Elena E. Kuz'mina which notes remains are similar to some from central Asians populations.

Asko Parpola (1993: 54), argues that the Gandhara grave culture is "by no means identical with the Bronze Age Culture of Bactria and Margiana". In the centuries preceding the Gandhara culture, during the Early Harappan period (roughly 3200–2600 BCE), similarities in pottery, seals, figurines, ornaments etc. document intensive caravan trade between South Asia and Central Asia and the Iranian plateau.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androvo
The earliest known chariots have been found in the Andronovo area in Sintiasha burials, and the culture is considered a strong candidate for the origin of the technology, which spread throughout the Old World and played an important role in ancient warfare. Sintashta settlements are also remarkable for the intensity of copper mining and bronze metallurgy carried out there, which is unusual for a steppe culture. The earliest historical peoples associated with the area of the Andronovo culture are the Cimmerians and Saka/Scythians, appearing in Assyrian records after the decline of the Alekseyevka culture, migrating into the Ukraine from approximately the 9th century BC (see also Ukrainian stone stela), and across the Caucasus into Anatolia and Assyria in the late 8th century BC, and possibly also west into Europe as the Thracians (see Thraco-Cimmerian), and the Sigynnae, located by Herodotus beyond the Danube, north of the Thracians, and by Strabo near the Caspian Sea. Both Herodotus and Strabo identify them as Iranian.

Out of 10 human male remains assigned to the Andronovo horizon from the Krasnoyarsk region, 9 possessed the R1a Y-chromosome haplogroup and one C haplogroup (xC3).90% of the Bronze Age period mtDNA haplogroups were of west Eurasian origin and the study determined that at least 60% of the individuals overall (out of the 26 Bronze and Iron Age human remains' samples of the study that could be tested) had light hair and blue or green eyes, suggesting mostly European origin of that particular population. A 2004 study also established that during the Bronze Age/Iron Age period, the majority of the population of Kazakhstan (part of the Andronovo culture during Bronze Age), was of west Eurasian origin (with mtDNA haplogroups such as U, H, HV, T, I and W), and that prior to the 13th-7th century BC, all Kazakh samples belonged to European lineages. The study's findings were in line with the hypothesis that mixings between Scythians and other populations occurred.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythians
Their principal tribe, the "Royal Scyths", ruled the vast lands occupied by the nation as a whole (Herodotus 4.20), calling themselves (Scōloti, Herodotus 4.6). Oswald Szemerényi devotes a thorough discussion to the etymologies of ancient ethnic words for the Scythians in his work "Four old Iranian ethnic names: Scythian - Skudra - Sogdian - Saka". Saka, on the other hand, Szemerényi relates to an Iranian verbal root, sak-, "go, roam", and hypothesizes that the Achaemenids used "nomad" to refer to the northern tribes, rather than their endonym. The name does appear somewhat further east than the Achaemenid Empire, as the Chinese knew the Asian Scythians as Sai (Old Sinitic *sak).

A mobile, broadly similar lifestyle would have facilitated contacts amongst disparate ethnic groupings along the expansive Eurasian steppe from the Danube to Manchuria, leading to many cultural similarities. Nevertheless the peoples recorded historically as Scythians and Sakas were a heterogeneous mix with independent histories. The final development of Scythian culture was intimately linked to a variety of elements, including a Scytho-Siberian platform modified by Caucasian, Greek and Assyrian-Urarturian influences.Asians, especially Persians, knew the Scythians in Asia as Sakas. The Indo-Scythians had the name "Shaka" in South Asia, an extension on the name "Saka". Herodotus (7.64) describes them as Scythians, called by a different name.

http://en.wikipedia....kings_of_Persia
c. 646 BC Shutur-Nahhunte III king of Anshan & Susa son of Indattu-Inshushinak IV After him, Anshan transferred to the Achaemenids.
w. 674–652 BC Phraortes King of Medes 652 BC son of Deioces Killed in battle with Assyrians and Scythians.
w. 652–625 BC Scythian kingdom, Domination of Scythian kingdom
w. 659-625 BC Madea King of the Scythians son of Partatua
w. 625–550 BC Second Median dynasty,
w. 625-585 BC Cyaxares King of Medes son of Astyages
w. 585-550 BC Astyages King of Medes son of Cyaxares Deposed and later killed
w. 550–329 BC Old Persian Empire, Achaemenid dynasty
w. 600-530 BC Cyrus the Great, King of Persia, Anshan, Media, Babylon, Sumer and Akkad, four corners of the world. Massagetae killed.
w. 530-21 BC Cambyses The Great King Son of Cyrus the Great, Died while en route to put down a rebellion.
w. 522 BC Bardiya (Guamata [in tribe name only] and other imposters, claimants) The Great King, Pharaoh of Egypt Son of Cyrus the Great Killed by Persian aristocrats
w. 550-486 BC Darius I Arsames The Great King, King of Kings Son of Hystaspes son of Arsames son of Ariaramnes son of Teispes

Well, thanx for the thoughts, I'm more of a new gatherer, though I do have my opinions. I just put this here and you can decide for yourself. Like I've said before, Revelation is Gensis in reverse. I try and support whatever evidence or proof of concept as best as I can. For instance, the previous posts relate to the Axial Age or what I called the Ancient Death of God movement or period, or ancient renaissance or age of reason.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_Age

My next project is to create a kinda historical simulation, empire, culture, event like game. Adventure RPG, Tactical (Running Clock), Strategic (Turn Based) game for fun and education. ... Maybe in a few years.

Dr. Gene Scott's Old Web ? ->
INDEX http://asis.com/user...#Subject%20List
Behistun http://asis.com/user...g/behistun.html
Royal Brits http://asis.com/user...ag/royalty.html
Jacob's Pillar http://asis.com/users/stag/stone.html



Tribe Symbols http://asis.com/user...ag/symbols.html
Hyksos http://asis.com/users/stag/hyksos.html
The second period of Hyksos rule was from Joseph, spanning as much as 250 years until the Pharoah of Southern Egpyt "rebelled" and indentured the leftovers who didn't go out in the first exodus; namely the "tribe" of Zarah as leaders over many groups of immigrants to the north of Egypt. It is already well documented (check an encylopedia) that Darda and Calco, sons of Zarah, founded and ruled settlements/kingdoms in what would later be called Greece and Troy ... The terminus of this migration is very natural because during the 250 year rule of Joseph-Zarah in Egypt, the tribe of Dan pioneered all of Europe ... I have found that the Study of the Lost Tribes is the study of the history of the earth.



Migration http://asis.com/user...g/migratio.html

732-700 B C
Israel taken into exile by the Assyrians who called them Khumri, later corrupted to Gimira.

710-590 B C
Israelites, called Gimira by the Assyrians and Kimmeroii (Cimmerians) by the Greeks, established a reign of terror in Asia Minor. They finally migrated to Europe, to a place which they called Arsareth (2 Esdras 13:40-44 of the Apochrypha)

http://asis.com/users/stag/found3.gif
650-600 B C
Israelites in Media became known as Scythians. Fought as mercenaries; once with Babylon against Jerusalem.
http://asis.com/users/stag/found4.gif
600-500- B C
Following the collapse of their Assyrian allies, the Scythians were driven north through the Caucasus by the Medes, and they settled in south Russia.
http://asis.com/users/stag/found5.gif

650-500 B C
Cimmerians in Europe moved up the Danube and became known as Celts; the English derivative of the Greek Keltoi.
http://asis.com/users/stag/found6.gif
525-300 B C
Others driven out of south Russia by the Scythians moved north-west between the rivers Oder and Vistula to the Baltic, where they later became known as Cimbri.

400-100 B C
The Celtic expansion from central Europe: some attacked Rome in 390 BC and settled for 200 years in northern Italy; others known as Galatians, after invading Greece in 279 BC, migrated to Asia Minor. Most of them moved west into France and later to Britain.
http://asis.com/users/stag/found7.gif
250-100 B C
South Russia was invaded from the east by the Sarmatians, who drove the Scythians north-west through Poland into Germany.
http://asis.com/users/stag/found8.gif
A D 450-1100
The Romans re-named the Scythians Germans ("genuine") to distinguish from the newly arrived Sarmatians in Scythia. Some of these came to Britain as Anglo-Saxons, AD 450-600; others, after moving north through Jutland, became known as Danes and Vikings. Some of these came directly to England, but others settled for a short time in France and were called Normans.

This is an incomplete list of names for various groups of Israelites as they migrated.
Khumri, Cimmerians, Sakkas, Sacasene, Sacasune, Schythians, Cimbri, Thraco-Cimmerians, Celt, Galatians, Germans, Saxons, Normans, Danes, Gimira, Kimmeroii, Iskuza, Gauls, Angles, Picts, Iberes, Scots, Basques, Bretons, Goths, Vandals, Lombards, Franks, Burgundians, Ostrogoths, Daci, Belgae, Massagetae.