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Second: Why Did The Reformation Take Place?
In the few centuries preceding the Reformation, the historians said that
the Roman Church in Europe suffered a severe deviation from the truth in both the ecclesiastical life and in the dogma. Corruption crept into the church and the clergy forgot their pastoral responsibilities. Instead, they looked after their own personal pleasures.
Starting from the eleventh century, the history of the Church of Rome is full of persecution, inquisitions, and heresies.
Burning heretics at the stake and using torture were common methods to deal with the heretics. Here, the word heresy at that time was used to refer to a false teaching related to the principle of Christian faith or it could refer to an act the church did not favor, as in the case of
William Tyndale, who was strangled and burned in 1536 because he translated the New Testament into English. The word heresy was also used to refer to an opinion of matters related more to science or philosophy than to Christianity, as in the case of
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), who was tried by the Inquisition of Rome and forced to spend the last eight years of his life under house arrest because of his scientific evidences that proved the earth revolves around the sun.
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Renaissance in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries revived the value of the classical Greek and Roman writings, which included, among others, the Bible, and
the writings of the early Fathers of the Church. Intellectual people at that time started reading the Bible and comparing what they read in the Bible and in the writings Fathers of the Church to the living reality of the Roman Catholic Church and concluded that
‘Catholicism differed from the church of the New Testament in doctrine, morals, and administration.’ 2 Some called for
‘reform in head and member.
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One example that shows how corrupted the Catholic Church was at that time is the story of
Jan Hus, a disciple of John Wyclif.
He considered leaving the Catholic Church as an act of honoring Christ and the gospel. Yes, to that extent the educated people started refusing the church and its corruption. The Intellectual people refused the moral corruption in the life of the clergy and the heresies of the church.
Therefore, as soon as
Martin Luther (1483-1546 AD) announced
his disputation on indulgences and nailed his 95 theses to the door of the Roman Church in Wittenberg, the news spread like wildfire throughout Europe. Later on, this wildfire
led to separation from Catholicism into many branches over the years of what is known today as Protestantism.
People in the Middle Ages in Europe had a very real dread of the period of punishment in purgatory and hell, which were graphically portrayed in the church. Based on the teachings of the indulgence of the Catholic Church, the Church controlled both destinations. Unfortunately,
facing all the fears of both, the Church offered selling indulgences, instead of offering Christ as the Savior. These indulgences were hard to pay by the poor and a source of distress for the rich. As a result, when Reformation started, people hurried to join it to get rid of the nightmare of both the purgatory and hell.
Salvation and grace were almost forgotten topics in the Catholic Church at that time. Of course, in the middle of the corruption there were very faithful clergies and laymen who led good Christian lives. But, as usual, most human beings forget the good and remember the bad, even inflate the bad to make it look worse than the reality.
In reaction to the church that forgot its own mission and tried to control the life and destination of everyone using all methods including physical death,
the reformation movement completely separated itself from the church and denied most of what belonged to the church. People had had it with the Catholic Church and they were eager to get rid of all that belonged to it. Therefore, t
hey put all their efforts, derived by psychological and social impulses, to refute all what the Roman Catholic Church called for and believed in, especially those things that were done by the clergy.
They refused priesthood because of the corruption of the clergy and subsequently denied all work that required a priest. Since the priests administered all the sacraments, Protestant denominations refused most, if not all, of the sacraments.
So, Protestants refused the sacraments, the intercession of saints, many rituals, and other parts of the tradition that were delivered from Christ and His apostles, not because of biblical, traditional, or historical reasons, but rather because of inner- psychological, historical, and social reasons. Then, later on they tried to rationalize them by finding biblical verses that supported their beliefs. In a severe reaction to the forgotten grace of God in the Roman Catholic Church teachings and its full concentration on human work, the Protestants based all their teachings on salvation, grace, and complete refusal of human work.
While these corruptions and conflicts happened in Europe, the Christian Oriental Churches in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East continued to preserve the original teachings and spirituality of the early church. They had no relationship with what happened to the Catholic Church during this period. Moreover,
they condemned the heresies of the Roman Catholic Church and its deviations from the original teachings of the early church. These churches, especially the Coptic Orthodox Church, felt that they should act as the guardians of faith. Therefore, we find that the Coptic Orthodox Church takes pride in its adherence to the apostolic teachings as were received directly from Christ and handed down over the centuries until it reached us today, without changes or additions. The Coptic Orthodox Church believes that ‘the faith was once for all delivered by the saints’ (Jude 1: 2,3), and the Lord along with His apostles asked the church to observe, reserve, and guard that faith.[1] [hgby3]