It is interesting that this thread came out 6 months ago and only one person commented on it. That is typical, no one likes the topic, they stay away from it, even churches steer away from it and maybe just mention it abrubtly, as the unbelievers final destination and that's it - next. Even my Pastor whom was an excellent theologian, never went into much detail. Why? Because it is a stumbling block for most of us. Unbelievers look for reasons not to believe and one main objection to them is, "I can't worship a God who would create an eternal torture chamber!"
This was a good study, however I disagree in a couple areas. You see, I too have an objection that God would create an eternal torture chamber for those who have sinned for a lifetime that might have only lived a few decades or less. Even a whole lifetime of sinning should not yield eternal suffering. God is fair and just and punishments are proportionate to the sin
Unbelieving souls go to Hades (the underworld, but separate from Tarturus, where the demons are) and await their final judgment. At that time as the study says, they are resurrected to experience their final judgment. Which is what, to go back to Hades or deeper into the Abyss/Bottonless Pit? No, to be thrown into the Lake of Fire, which is Hell. Hades isn't Hell and that is a mistranslation. How do I know this? Because at this final, Great White Throne Judgment, Death and Hades are thrown into the Lake of Fire and destroyed.( Rev. 20:14) This is a final event. Sheol can't be the same as Hell if is thrown into itself - doesn't make sense. Death is thrown in there as well. Wait, wasn't death part of Sheol? Yes. And they both will be consumed by the Lake of Fire. And why am I referring to the Lake of Fire as Hell? Because it is the final judgmet that coincides with the destruction of the first heaven and first earth, a massive annihilating fire described in 2 Peter 3:10 The elements of the first earth and universe are burned up in a fervent heat.
So if Sheol (Hades) and the Abyss (Tarturus) are in the underworld, the lower parts of the earth (which scripture claims and I believe) and God destroys the earth ( with Hades and everyone in it, the Abyss and all demons and Satan in it); then it and they won't exist anymore. "Behold, I make all things new, all former things have passed away". (Rev. 21:1)
So it is not an eternal Hell (of punishment and destruction) because the word "aionios" has also a temporal meaning, ages, lifetimes, generations). And destruction means just that, to put an end to. Therefore the translation of aionios into eternal or everlasting was misibterpreted and really means age-lasting or age-during. It's eternal meaning only applies to God and His domain, Heaven.