Old Testament Calendar Reconciliation

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GerhardEbersoehn

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Ou-Testamentiese Jaardatering 20260207Sabbat

Bybelse tyd begin in siklusse van die Eerste tot die Sewede Dag.

Die jaar was 365+1/5 dag lank.

Die jaar het 12 maande gehad.

Elke 5de jaar was skrikkeljaar.

(Skrikkeljare se Eerste én Vyfde Maand, het 5 Sabbatdae gehad;

gewone jare se Eerste Maand het 5 Sabbatdae gehad. Skrikkeljare het dus 4 maande met 5 Sabatdae elk gehad; en die jare tussen skrikkeljare, 3 maande met 5 Sabatdae elk.)

Dag maand en jaar aanpassing

Die eerste dag van die sonjaar op die eerste kwart-maan na lente-nag-en-dag-ewening was die eerste dag op die astrale kalender van volke.

“Op die 14de dag van die Eerste Maand” was die eerste dag op Israel se godsdienstige almanak.

Dag maand en jaar aanpassing was elke jaar gemaak, want

“op die eerste dag van die Sewende Maand sal Sabbat wees!” (Dus ook die 8ste, 15de, 22ste en 29ste.)

Die gang van tyd word onderbreek met oorgang van seisoenaal wisselvallige veranderlikheid, na ewige onveranderlike wetmatigheid. Jaarliks, ‘om tred te hou met tyd’, én Ewigheid’.


Sien ‘Hart van die Evangelie’ Addendum 5 bls.219 tot bls.225 https://docs.google.com/document/d/1-6LqewDwwWV1_tkbdqSUOYr04lE_vT5d/edit

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GerhardEbersoehn

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Post 20260210Tuesday

Thanks to christianityboard that you deleted that last Afrikaans post of mine... what a mess was it in any case! I never noticed it consisted of nothing but blunders!

The eyes don’t see so well anymore. In future, God willing therefore, I shall keep on using Aptos (Body) 16 bold.


Bob (Ryan?) commented on christianityboard.com, <Posts in English may help>. I’ll try oblige.

Zionism tries to take over Christianity. It cannot get worse, Zionists are so successful.

God help us

So herewith please kindly receive the English of my intended post---

The Fifth Year Leap Years In Israel

The 1st year began with the Sixth Day of the week on Abib 1 (— 30/6 on Third Day of the week).
30/6 of the 1st year was on the Third Day of the week (— 3 days to 1/7 un-dated219Hart).
The first day in the Seventh Month shall be the Sabbath!”, correspondingly the “Seventh Month” on days 8, 15, 22 and 29.
30/12 of the 1st year was on the Fourth Day of the week (followed by Fifth Day 1/1 2nd year.)
The 1st year had 363 days.

The 2nd year began with the Fifth Day of the week on Abib 1 (— 30/6 on Third Day of the week).
30/6 of the 2nd year was on the Second Day of the week (— 4 days to 1/7 un-dated221Hart).
The first day in the Seventh Month shall be the Sabbath!”, correspondingly the “Seventh Month” on days 8, 15, 22 and 29.
30/12 of the 2nd year was on the Fourth Day of the week (followed by Fifth Day 1/1 3rd year.)
The 2nd year had 364 days.

The 3rd year began with the Fifth Day of the week on Abib 1 (— 30/6 on Third Day of the week).
30/6 of the 3rd year was on the Second Day of the week (— 4 days to 1/7 un-dated222Hart).
The first day in the Seventh Month shall be the Sabbath!”, correspondingly the “Seventh Month” on days 8, 15, 22 and 29.
30/12 of the 3rd year was on the Fourth Day of the week (followed by Fifth Day 1/1 4th year.)
The 3rd year had 364 days.

The 4th year began with the Fifth Day of the week on Abib 1 (— 30/6 on Third Day of the week).
30/6 of the 4th year was on the Second Day of the week (— 4 days to 1/7 un-dated223Hart).
The first day in the Seventh Month shall be the Sabbath!”, correspondingly the “Seventh Month” on days 8, 15, 22 and 29.
30/12 of the 4th year was on the Fourth Day of the week (followed by Fifth Day 1/1 5th year.)
The 4th year had 364 days.

The 5th year is the repeat of the 1st and Leap Year, so that it, the
5th
year, began with the Sixth Day of the week after1 day to Abib 1 un-dated224Hart).
30/6 of the 5TH year was on the Third Day of the week — 3 days to 1/7 un-dated224Hart).
The first day in the Seventh Month shall be the Sabbath!”, correspondingly the “Seventh Month” on days 8, 15, 22 and 29.
30/12 the last day of the Leap Year was the Fourth Day of the week—, zero days to the next year.
The 5th year had 364 days.

Solar or ‘natural’ years are brought in sync with God’s ordering the years, not by natural means or logic, but by following up with grace and redemption on Divine Law and Demand, which is God’s method and sequence in all things in real time earthly and heavenly, which includes inter relationship between Himself and all his creatures.

Two main time chronological phrases or expressions occur in the Book of Daniel, “years-of-weeks”, and “morning-and-evening oblations”. The latter is a concept understood as one year in terms of solar-astral and lunar cyclic movement— for the sake of argument accepted but for the sake of order not discussed now.

However, God’s prophet Daniel wrote about Jesus Christ in the future of the Israel of Prophesy. And he wrote in terms and phrases for concepts of time and history which civilizations across the world today accept or reject, ‘interpreting’ them as being and meaning the same thing, ‘years’, of 365 and ¼ x 24 hours days— no problem for almost all true believers but nevertheless problematic in terms of prophetic language interpretation and application.

Consider the issue as Paul phased it, “dividing the Word of God : rightly” – or, wrongly!

Position taken in this essay

Daniel uses two ‘time-lines’—one for God’s people before and until the Messiah; and one for God’s people both soon after the Messiah and long after and until, His Coming Again.

As ‘time-line’ for God’s people before and until the Messiah, Daniel used “years-of-weeks”;

As ‘time-line’ for after Christ and until His Coming Again, Daniel used ‘years-of-days’.

This is de facto situation in the Book of Daniel, pro rata impossible to confuse or be confused about.
 
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GerhardEbersoehn

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AS “in times past” at the creation according to Genesis 1 to 3

the LAW, of Redemption and Salvation by grace through faith alone

determined the physics of the earth including its times

relative to the physics of the sun, moon and stars,




SO, “in these last days” according to New Testament Scripture from Matthew to Revelation,

the LOVE of Redemption and Salvation through the WORD that “in the beginning was”

in Full Fellowship of God the Father, Son and Holy Spirit, determined

earth’s physics inclusive of years, seasons, months and days.
 
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Jay Ross

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Perhaps, Daniel 9:24 is not talking about actual years, when he penned "70 weeks of years," but rather he was referencing 490 cycles of the yearly "sin offering" which occurred yearly with respect to the Jewish calendar since they added an extra month regularly to account for the "solar" yearly transition of the sun. In other words, an extra month was added to a year when the two criteria required to define the beginning of a year were not meet such that a Jewish year was either 360 days or 390 days long depending on whether or not the prescribed two conditions for the new year occurred around the same time to be able to say that a new year had started.

Here is my understanding of the verse Daniel 9:24: -

Daniel 9:24: - First Prophecy[1]
24 "Seventy weeks are determined
For your people and for your holy city,
To finish the transgression,
To make an end of sins/sinning.
. Second Prophecy[2]
{And then after the 70 weeks of years Christ comes,}[3]
To make reconciliation for iniquity,
To bring in everlasting righteousness,
To seal up vision and prophecy,
And to anoint the Most/a sacred place {as being} Holy.

So technically Daniel was referring to a Solar calendar and not the assumed prophetic 360 day/year calendar that many previous theologians referenced in their "commentaries."


[1] This prophecy must be completed by Daniel’s people and the city of Jerusalem within a window of grace of 490 years, before the end of the fourth Age, after which the visitation of the iniquities of the fathers will be visited upon their children and the children’s children in the third and fourth age.

[2] The second half of verse 24 specifies what Christ is required to do to bring a new form/process for the redemption of Israel and all of the peoples of the earth.

[3] This line has been added for clarity as to when the means of redemption was going to take place. Because Israel would not repent or stop their continual idolatrous worship, the Exodus 20:4-6 prophecy of the visitation of the father’s sins of their continual idolatrous worship on their children and the children’s children would begin at the start of the third age of the existence of Israel from the time of Isaac’s birth and would continue for a period of two ages.

It should be noted that the birth of Christ occurred at the beginning of the fifth age of mankind which also coincided with the beginning of the third age of the existence of Israel from the time of Isaac’s birth.
 

GerhardEbersoehn

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Dear Bob,

Please share this post?
 
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GerhardEbersoehn

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2011 Spurgeon and Lord’s day

A (of A B)

Mark 16:9, “First”, ‘prohtehi’

David Lamb:
Bob, are you saying that because Spurgeon, Moody and Pink used the word “Sabbath”, they must have been “Seventh Day”?

It may just be that I have misunderstood you, but if you did mean that, it seems you are mistaken. Spurgeon, in his commentary on the Psalms, “The Treasury of David”, says in the course of commenting on Psalm 118.24

We observe the Lord’s day as henceforth our true Sabbath, a day made and ordained of God, for the perpetual remembrance of the achievements of our Redeemer. Whenever the soft Sabbath light of the first day of the week breaks upon the earth, let us sing,
“This is the day the Lord hath made,
He calls the hours his own;
Let heaven rejoice, let earth be glad,
And praise surround the throne.”

GE:
I see Christ’s resurrection in these strophes or just nice but empty words.

David Lamb, Yes, Bob Ryan is wrong, but he is also, right. I cannot understand how these great men of God, said what they said, but could not see, the dichotomy of what they said. All I can say is that God has a time for everything He determined SHALL COME TO PASS. WHY HAD THE WORLD TO WAIT FIFTEEN HUNDRED YEARS FOR THE REFORMATION? Why did the Church of Christ ever become the mother of harlots? Because in the end IT MUST WORK OUT TO THE GREATER GLORY OF GOD!

And I believe it with all my heart with regard to the ENIGMATIC HISTORY of the “Sabbath : OF THE LORD GOD”.

God cannot be against Himself; God could change if He willed because He is omnipotent; but because God is FAITHFUL, He chose NOT to change, but rather to send Christ to PROVE HE WOULD NOT CHANGE, EVER, FOR GOD IS LOVE!

Not in the slightest would God ever change, we may NOW believe it without doubt --- BECAUSE OF CHRIST.

So never try, dear Dr Walter, tell a simple man like Gerhard Ebersöhn, God changed. I am TOO SIMPLE to ever believe you or all the hosts of learned, great, and yes, even Godly, men. God did not change; He did not change OWNERSHIP. Like God NEVER changed ownership of one single of his own, God never changed ownership of ANY of his creating and object of love. He would never exchange that which HE declared “MY HOLY DAY” for what MEN declared 'holy'. And his LORDSHIP of “the Lord's Day” God in Christ and through Christ shall most jealously GUARD with all his MIGHT --- EXACTLY WHICH GOD DID, “WHEN, RAISING CHRIST FROM THE DEAD”, “SABBATH'S”, “HE EXALTED HIM AND SET HIM AT HIS OWN RIGHT HAND IN HEAVENLY MAJESTY” --- “ABSOLUTELY ON THE SABBATH”, “THE SEVENTH DAY GOD THUS CONCERNING DID SPEAK” --- “AT SUNDRY TIMES BEFORE”. This same “GOD, WHO, in these LAST days, hath spoken unto US, BY HIS SON”.

This is my, FULL, Sabbath-doctrine, to which I shall hold, so help my God, for ever in the face of all adversity and hate toward God and his, “the Sabbath of the LORD God” : “My Holy Day”, 'The Lord's Day' by the Resurrection of Christ from the dead “In the Sabbath Day's fullness”. “And God the Seventh Day from ALL HIS WORKS, RESTED.”
 

GerhardEbersoehn

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Dear Bob,

Please hare this post?
1770898688424.png
 

GerhardEbersoehn

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Perhaps, Daniel 9:24 is not talking about actual years, when he penned "70 weeks of years," but rather he was referencing 490 cycles of the yearly "sin offering" which occurred yearly with respect to the Jewish calendar since they added an extra month regularly to account for the "solar" yearly transition of the sun. In other words, an extra month was added to a year when the two criteria required to define the beginning of a year were not meet such that a Jewish year was either 360 days or 390 days long depending on whether or not the prescribed two conditions for the new year occurred around the same time to be able to say that a new year had started.

Here is my understanding of the verse Daniel 9:24: -

Daniel 9:24: - First Prophecy[1]
24 "Seventy weeks are determined
For your people and for your holy city,
To finish the transgression,
To make an end of sins/sinning.
. Second Prophecy[2]
{And then after the 70 weeks of years Christ comes,}[3]
To make reconciliation for iniquity,
To bring in everlasting righteousness,
To seal up vision and prophecy,
And to anoint the Most/a sacred place {as being} Holy.

So technically Daniel was referring to a Solar calendar and not the assumed prophetic 360 day/year calendar that many previous theologians referenced in their "commentaries."


[1] This prophecy must be completed by Daniel’s people and the city of Jerusalem within a window of grace of 490 years, before the end of the fourth Age, after which the visitation of the iniquities of the fathers will be visited upon their children and the children’s children in the third and fourth age.

[2] The second half of verse 24 specifies what Christ is required to do to bring a new form/process for the redemption of Israel and all of the peoples of the earth.

[3] This line has been added for clarity as to when the means of redemption was going to take place. Because Israel would not repent or stop their continual idolatrous worship, the Exodus 20:4-6 prophecy of the visitation of the father’s sins of their continual idolatrous worship on their children and the children’s children would begin at the start of the third age of the existence of Israel from the time of Isaac’s birth and would continue for a period of two ages.

It should be noted that the birth of Christ occurred at the beginning of the fifth age of mankind which also coincided with the beginning of the third age of the existence of Israel from the time of Isaac’s birth.

CGE answers Jay Ross ---

Your key words above are these:
<<...Daniel was referring to a Solar calendar and not the assumed prophetic 360 day/year calendar...>>
and
<<the yearly "sin offering" which occurred yearly with respect to the Jewish calendar since they added an extra month regularly to account for the "solar" yearly transition of the sun. In other words, an extra month was added to a year when the two criteria required to define the beginning of a year were not meet such that a Jewish year was either 360 days or 390 days long depending on whether or not the prescribed two conditions for the new year occurred around the same time to be able to say that a new year had started.>>

Now allow me please to ask of you, Scriptural proof and incidence of the <thirteenth month> which you are here referring to and, are here using as both basis and structure given to your <<understanding of the verse Daniel 9:24>>?

And may I also ask you to tell us about the incident and circumstance of referred to incidence of Scripture--- By whose authority was the introduction of the thirteenth month? By the king of Israel? Or by vote or draw or court decision?
Was God or a prophet of God consulted? And what would God or his prophet servant have thought about the need of issue?
Was this thirteenth month accepted by the God of Israel according to his will ultimately? To say nothing about having been PLANNED by God, unprovoked and sovereign!
Did it please the People of Israel, or the leaders in Israel only?

But firstly and in the end the only question remains to be answered the questioner, namely, What and Where Is The Place Where the '13th month' is standing : WRITTEN ?
 
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Jay Ross

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But firstly and in the end the only question remains to be answered the questioner, namely, What and Where Is The Place Where the '13th month' is standing : WRITTEN ?

Indirectly in Daniel 12 where Daniel references 1,290 days instead of the previous 1,260 days where to arrive at 1,290 days there had to be one year where there were 13 months of 30 days. So, the 360-day prophetic year is fiction created to confuse people by some theologian many centuries ago and became accepted as "traditional truth."

Daniel 12:9-13: -
9 And he said, "Go your way, Daniel, for the words are closed up and sealed till the time of the end. 10 Many shall be purified, made white, and refined, but the wicked shall do wickedly; and none of the wicked shall understand, but the wise shall understand.

11 "And from the time that the daily sacrifice is taken away, and the abomination of desolation is set up, there shall be one thousand two hundred and ninety days. 12 Blessed is he who waits and comes to the one thousand three hundred and thirty-five days.

13 "But you, go your way till the end; for you shall rest, and will arise to your inheritance at the end of the days."

Hope this satisfies your inquiring/inquisitive mind.

Shalom
 

GerhardEbersoehn

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Indirectly in Daniel 12 where Daniel references 1,290 days instead of the previous 1,260 days where to arrive at 1,290 days there had to be one year where there were 13 months of 30 days. So, the 360-day prophetic year is fiction created to confuse people by some theologian many centuries ago and became accepted as "traditional truth."

Daniel 12:9-13: -
9 And he said, "Go your way, Daniel, for the words are closed up and sealed till the time of the end. 10 Many shall be purified, made white, and refined, but the wicked shall do wickedly; and none of the wicked shall understand, but the wise shall understand.

11 "And from the time that the daily sacrifice is taken away, and the abomination of desolation is set up, there shall be one thousand two hundred and ninety days. 12 Blessed is he who waits and comes to the one thousand three hundred and thirty-five days.

13 "But you, go your way till the end; for you shall rest, and will arise to your inheritance at the end of the days."

Hope this satisfies your inquiring/inquisitive mind.

Shalom
This time, your key words are <Indirectly in Daniel 12 where Daniel references 1,290 days instead of the previous 1,260 days where to arrive at 1,290 days there had to be one year where there were 13 months of 30 days> with <Indirectly> the word stressed. In other words, your real answer is, and means, 'NO!', no, nothing of and nowhere is it standing WRITTEN : the '13th month'.
So, here's the truth:
1. Nowhere in all Scripture anywhere stands written anything the word or term or resembling the thought or idea of the word/term, or, implication of a 13th month of 360 days for a Bible-year, EVER; unless - perhaps- against God's will attempted to be introduced as kind of adjustment or method to reconcile the Scripture-year and the solar-year. NEVER! No inquiring nor inquisitive mind could be able to arrive at the idea, except, of course, to haughtily taunt the Giver of the Scriptures. I think we agree on that point.

Now, Who thought about it, the idea <there had to be one year where there were 13 months of 30 days so the [year has] 360-day>?

And therefore, the creator who <created> this <prophetic year fiction> which <became accepted as "traditional truth">, was not <some theologian many centuries ago> who did wickedly to make people misunderstand God's <prophetic year> --- the creator of it is you, Jay Ross on this thread.
 
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Jay Ross

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This time, your key words are <Indirectly in Daniel 12 where Daniel references 1,290 days instead of the previous 1,260 days where to arrive at 1,290 days there had to be one year where there were 13 months of 30 days> with <Indirectly> the word stressed. In other words, your real answer is, and means, 'NO!', no, nothing of and nowhere is it standing WRITTEN : the '13th month'.
So, here's the truth:
1. Nowhere in all Scripture anywhere stands written anything the word or term or resembling the thought or idea of the word/term, or, implication of a 13th month of 360 days for a Bible-year, EVER; unless - perhaps- against God's will attempted to be introduced as kind of adjustment or method to reconcile the Scripture-year and the solar-year. NEVER! No inquiring nor inquisitive mind could be able to arrive at the idea, except, of course, to haughtily taunt the Giver of the Scriptures. I think we agree on that point.

Now, Who thought about it, the idea <there had to be one year where there were 13 months of 30 days so the [year has] 360-day>?

And therefore, the creator who <created> this <prophetic year fiction> which <became accepted as "traditional truth">, was not <some theologian many centuries ago> who did wickedly to make people misunderstand God's <prophetic year> --- the creator of it is you, Jay Ross on this thread.

It seems that your understanding of how the start of new year occurred and the directive when the criteria was not meet for a new year by observation that a third month of eo days was added.

If you are looking for where the thirteenth month is referred to in the scriptures.

Perhaps this article from the net is useful.

 

GerhardEbersoehn

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It seems that your understanding of how the start of new year occurred and the directive when the criteria was not meet for a new year by observation that a third month of eo days was added.

If you are looking for where the thirteenth month is referred to in the scriptures.

Perhaps this article from the net is useful.

CGE answers:

Dear Jay Ross, instead of, or before going back to yourself with this URL, considering you are at present debating another, me CGE, please first go back to the Scripture Leviticus 23:23 (I think it is) where it IMPLIES <how the start of new year occurred>: "The first day in the Seventh Month SHALL BE SABBATH!" The <directive/criteria> was not <by observation [Sic.] a third month of 30 days added>, correct. The only criterium or directive was : "The first day in the Seventh Month SHALL BE SABBATH!"

And don't miss what Scripture says right before, in verses 22f and 9f, where it tells of the Passover and Harvest feasts, where it tells <how the start of new year occurred> just like in Exodus, where it tells, "This - Abib - is the first month for you ... the fourteenth day of the First Month ye shall KILL the passover!" The <directive/criteria> in Leviticus was not <by observation [Sic.] a third month of 30 days added>, correct. The only criterium or directive in Leviticus was : "The first day in the Seventh Month SHALL BE SABBATH!" starting the last halve of EVERY year... always... no exception... "in times past"---WHEREAS EVERY year... always... no exception the first halve of the year was 1 Abib the 14th day before the fourteenth day of the solar-lunar year... EVER... always... no exception... "in times past".

The seeming anomaly is solved in Scripture with Scripture, adding nothing to the Word of God, leaving out nothing in the Word of God, but with leaving out all the work/works of man, which was to DATE days and months and seasons and years, all, the work/works of God. When days come and days go to the ordering of God's creation which man had/has no idea how to number them, then... "in times past", simply:- O man, do not number or date them!... "in times past".

But "in these last days God through the Son is speaking", by his apostle Paul in Scripture, Galatians 4, telling man, "10You superstitiously by observation calculate / date days, months, seasons, years ... 21Tell me, ye that desire to be under the law, do ye not hear the law?... 5:4Christ is become of no effect unto you, whosoever of you are justified by the law; ye are fallen from grace."
 
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Jay Ross

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CGE answers:

Dear Jay Ross, instead of, or before going back to yourself with this URL, considering you are at present debating another, me CGE, please first go back to the Scripture Leviticus 23:23 (I think it is) where it IMPLIES <how the start of new year occurred>: "The first day in the Seventh Month SHALL BE SABBATH!" The <directive/criteria> was not <by observation [Sic.] a third month of 30 days added>, correct. The only criterium or directive was : "The first day in the Seventh Month SHALL BE SABBATH!"

And don't miss what Scripture says right before, in verses 22f and 9f, where it tells of the Passover and Harvest feasts, where it tells <how the start of new year occurred> just like in Exodus, where it tells, "This - Abib - is the first month for you ... the fourteenth day of the First Month ye shall KILL the passover!" The <directive/criteria> in Leviticus was not <by observation [Sic.] a third month of 30 days added>, correct. The only criterium or directive in Leviticus was : "The first day in the Seventh Month SHALL BE SABBATH!" starting the last halve of EVERY year... always... no exception... "in times past"---WHEREAS EVERY year... always... no exception the first halve of the year was 1 Abib the 14th day before the fourteenth day of the solar-lunar year... EVER... always... no exception... "in times past".

The seeming anomaly is solved in Scripture with Scripture, adding nothing to the Word of God, leaving out nothing in the Word of God, but with leaving out all the work/works of man, which was to DATE days and months and seasons and years, all, the work/works of God. When days come and days go to the ordering of God's creation which man had/has no idea how to number them, then... "in times past", simply:- O man, do not number or date them!... "in times past".

But "in these last days God through the Son is speaking", by his apostle Paul in Scripture, Galatians 4, telling man, "10You superstitiously by observation calculate / date days, months, seasons, years ... 21Tell me, ye that desire to be under the law, do ye not hear the law?... 5:4Christ is become of no effect unto you, whosoever of you are justified by the law; ye are fallen from grace."

Does scripture instruct the priests to add a month when the two criteria to determine when the new year would begin if the prescribed criteria is not met on the first observation of the New Moon?

Your quoted response above has nothing to do with the determination of when the New Year could be declared to have started? You demand scripture to show how a thirteenth month is added to a year to more closely match the actual solar years.

Please use scripture to determine when and how the start of the new year is determined to prove your point in your rebuttal.
 

GerhardEbersoehn

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Does scripture instruct the priests to add a month when the two criteria to determine when the new year would begin if the prescribed criteria is not met on the first observation of the New Moon?

Your quoted response above has nothing to do with the determination of when the New Year could be declared to have started? You demand scripture to show how a thirteenth month is added to a year to more closely match the actual solar years.

Please use scripture to determine when and how the start of the new year is determined to prove your point in your rebuttal.
CGE answers Jay Ross
Scripture Determining When And How The Start Of The New Year "FOR YOU, O ISRAEL", Is Determined By, Scripture
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Jay Ross

Well-Known Member
Jun 20, 2011
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CGE answers Jay Ross
Scripture Determining When And How The Start Of The New Year "FOR YOU, O ISRAEL", Is Determined By, Scripture

Where are the scriptures that I asked you to produce? The tables are lovely to look at but fails to meet my request.

I will wait for your posts with the scriptures quoted that sets out the steps that are to be followed to determine when the "new year" was to start.