Hello Miss Hepburn --
I was just cruising the Internet and found this site. I hope you don't mind if I give you my .02 on the question you asked.
If you do a word search in the Bible, you will find that the word for "church" is "eklessia" in the Greek and qahal in the Hebrew. We know that these words are connected because the word "qahal" appears in Pslams 22:22. Hebrews then quotes Psalms 22:22 and the word appears as "eklessia". The meaning of the words is "congregation" or "gathering". It is literally the gathering of or congregation of God's people.
Now....who were God's people? They were those who had been entered into the covenant of God and through that covenant had been made "His people." In being part of this congregation, they had a definite and structured form of worship given to them, a hierarchy of leadership, and physical places set apart where God would specifically meet with them (the Temple or synagogue). There was a single leader over the covenant people of God who interceded for the congregation once a year -- the high priest. The continuation of the congregation as God's peculiar people depended upon the high priest once a year making an atonement for their sins and renewing the covenant with God so that national Israel continued as God's special people.
When Jesus came, He did not come to establish something new. He came to redeem God's people to the Father. At the same time, Jesus prophesied that the congregation, aka the "Kingdom of God", would be taken from the Jews and given to "a new nation". You can read this prophecy in Matt. 21: 33-46. Jesus explicitly declares that the congregation will no longer be administered by the Jews, but by a new people who would be put in charge of it.
We see the beginnings of this change when Jesus appoints 12 Apostles. It is significant that he appoints 12, for that is the number of the heads of the tribes of national Israel. This is not a mistake. It is very deliberate. Secondly, Jesus appoints one of these 12 to be the leader among them -- Simon Peter. Then, finally, Jesus Himself is the Great High Priest who ever lives to make intercession in the "tabernacle not made with hands" and in doing so, assures that there will never again be another apostasy like unto that which national Israel committed.
So we have qahal (congregation) in the Old Covenant which becomes "eklessia" (congregation) in the New Covenant. It does not change or make it a different congregation. Notice that in Matthew 21: 33-46, the "vineyard" does not change, only the administration of it.
Thus, the New Covenant congregation is established with the same structure, but something radically different about it. Now all the feasts pointing to the coming Messiah are celebrated in fulfillment because Christ Jesus moves into them. The new church is given a leadership in the Apostles, a basic worship format, and is also promised the protection of the Holy Spirit as it grows (Matt. 13:31).
During the centuries in which the Church grew into maturity, many men came along with the idea that they knew better than the teachings of the Apostles. The first of these are found in Acts 15 -- those of the "Circumcision Party" who insisted that Gentiles could not be saved and truly Christian unless they were first circumcised. Then there came Arias in the fourth century with his heresy which has never completely gone away -- the idea that Jesus is merely a created being and not the unique Son of God, one in essence with the Father. After that came other heretics, all proclaiming that they had a knowledge that superseded and was more true than what the Church had taught over the years.
Up until the 16th century, none of these heretics gained much headway against the Church, but in the 16th century, men began once again to teach ideas that had never been taught and this time, the ideas found a fertile soil. The heresies they taught were aided by political upheavals in Europe in which emperors and kings, seeking political advantage, used the teachings of the Reformers as a weapon against the rule of the Church over their kingdoms. Henry the VIII is perhaps the most famous and well known example of this, but much the same took place all over Europe. It was a time of great upheaval in the Church, which had been one in doctrine for 1500 years.
The main reason for the separation between Catholics and Protestants is the issue of what has been called "forensic justification". It is the teaching (not found in scripture) that God "imputes" Christ's righteousness to unworthy sinners and declares them legally forgiven. It comes from a wretched translation of the Greek word "logizomai" in Romans 3. The numerous Protestant divisions which have crept up over the years came from internal disagreements, many times over minuscule nonsense blown all out of proportion. (Do we dunk once or three times in baptism, for instance.)
It really comes from the pride of man.
And God condemns it. Look at these words. They should be very sobering to all who foment rebellion against God's congregation:
[sup]19[/sup]Now the works of the flesh are manifest, which are these; Adultery, fornication, uncleanness, lasciviousness,
[sup]20[/sup]Idolatry, witchcraft, hatred, variance, emulations, wrath, strife, seditions, heresies,
[sup]21[/sup]Envyings, murders, drunkenness, revellings, and such like: of the which I tell you before, as I have also told you in time past, that they which do such things shall not inherit the kingdom of God.
Notice the part I have put in bold. Variance, emulations, wrath, strife, seditions and heresies are what the Reformers participated in during their rebellion against the Congregation of the Lord.
No one in his right mind would deny that there were changes needed in the Church in the 16th century. But rebellion against ordained authority, shredding the congregation into pieces, and creating turmoil in the hearts of the faithful is not the right way to change the Church. Does not the Bible itself teach us that "the weapons of our warfare are not carnal, but spiritual."?
That is a small summation of a great topic and a deep subject which could easily go to many more pages. I hope it helps a bit.