Repent and believe the gospel precede water baptism. (Acts 10:43-47; 11:17,18; 15:7-9) You reverse the scriptural order of repent and believe/believe the gospel/place faith in Jesus Christ for salvation. (Matthew 21:32; Mark 1:15; 20:21)
In regard to Acts 19:1-5, in verse 2, their answer to Paul's question,
“we have not so much as heard whether there is a Holy Spirit” demonstrated that they were not yet believers in Jesus Christ unto salvation. Paul further asked, "into what then were you baptized? They said, “into John’s baptism.” Then Paul said, “John indeed baptized with a baptism of repentance, saying to the people that
they should believe on Him who would come after him, that is, on Christ Jesus.”
When they heard this, they were afterwards baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus. There would have been no need to re-baptize them if they had already previously believed the gospel and were saved. These disciples of John needed further instructions to become believers in Christ Jesus for salvation then afterwards, they received the Holy Spirit after Paul laid hands on them (which is the exception, not the rule in every case of conversion, as in Acts 2 and Acts 10).
A handful of verses that "on the surface" merely appear to teach that we are saved by water baptism do not negate numerous passages of scripture which make it clear that we are saved through belief/faith "apart from additions or modifications." (John 1:12; 3:15,16,18; 6:40,47; 11:25,26; Acts 10:43-47; 11:17; 13:39; 15:7-9; 16:31; 26:18; Romans 1:16; 3:24-28; 4:5-6; 5:1; 10:4; 1 Corinthians 1:21; 15:1-4; Galatians 3:2; 3:26; Ephesians 2:8,9; Philippians 3:9; 2 Timothy 3:15; 1 John 5:13 etc..). Repentance precedes belief/faith so its already implied or assumed.
Water baptism is the picture and Spirit baptism is the reality. 1 Corinthians 12:13 - For by
one Spirit we were all
baptized into one body—whether Jews or Greeks, whether slaves or free—and have all been made to
drink into one Spirit. This is not water baptism, but
Spirit baptism.
At what point are we placed into the body of Christ and added to His church?
Acts 4:4 - However, many of those who heard the word
believed; and the
number of the men came to be about five thousand.
Acts 5:14 - And
believers were increasingly
added to the Lord, multitudes of both men and women.
Ephesians 1:13 - In Him, you also, after listening to the message of truth, the
gospel of your salvation—having also
believed, you were
sealed in Him with the Holy Spirit of promise.
Believers are water baptized into Christ in the same sense that the Israelites were baptized into Moses (1 Corinthians 10:2) and there is little dispute that being "baptized into Moses" signified the open allegiance and public identification of the Israelites with Moses as their leader. Moses was formally recognized as the leader of the covenant people. Water baptism signifies our allegiance and public identification with Christ as our Savior, so it would only be in that sense.
In regard to Acts 22:16, as Greek scholar AT Robertson points out -
baptism here pictures the washing away of sins by the blood of Christ. The language in Acts 22:16 is similar to the statement of Christ when He took the bread and said, "This is my body" (Matthew 26:26). The bread was only the emblem of His body. Baptism is the emblem of the washing away of sins by the blood of Christ. Every time a believer is immersed, he washes away his sins in the same sense Paul did: not literally, but ceremonially, pointing to the blood of Christ by which sins are actually washed away. (1 John 1:7; Revelation 1:5)
Paul had already believed in Christ unto salvation when Ananias came to pray for him to receive his sight (Acts 9:17). It also should be noted that Paul at the time when Ananias prayed for him to receive his sight, he was
filled with the Holy Spirit (Acts 9:17)--this was
BEFORE he was water baptized (Acts 9:18). Verse 17 connects his being filled with the Spirit with the receiving of his sight. We know that he received his sight prior to his baptism.
It's interesting that when Paul recounted this event again later in Acts (Acts 26:12-18), he did not mention Ananias or what Ananias said to him at all. Verse 18 again would confirm the idea that Paul received Christ as Savior on the road to Damascus since here Christ is telling Paul he will be a messenger for Him concerning
forgiveness of sins for Gentiles as they have faith in Him. It would seem unlikely that Christ would commission Paul if Paul had not yet believed in Him and was still lost in his sins.
Excellent article on Acts 22:16 -
Acts 22:16--Baptism Essential for Salvation?
Baptism is a symbol of salvation in that it pictures Christ's death, burial and resurrection and our identification with Him in these experiences. In reality, believers are literally saved by what baptism symbolizes--Christ's death, burial and resurrection. (1 Corinthians 15:1-4) Baptism would have no meaning without Christ’s death, burial and resurrection, but Christ’s death, burial and resurrection would still have meaning, even if there were no baptism. In other words, Christ’s death, burial and resurrection is the substance and baptism is the symbol/picture. Without the substance there would be no symbol/picture.