The above three posts demonstrates "in the name of" relates to by whoose authority something is done.
Was Jesus 'mortal' or 'immortal' ?
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The Biblical Basis of the
Doctrine of the Trinity:
An Outline Study
By Robert M. Bowman, Jr.
www.apologetics.com
Introduction
It is often alleged that the doctrine of the Trinity is not a biblical doctrine. While the word Trinity
is not in the Bible, the substance of the doctrine is definitely biblical.
The following outline study presents an overview of the biblical basis of the doctrine of the
Trinity. Comments on the texts have been kept to a bare minimum; the emphasis is on the many
biblical texts themselves (about 700 references are listed, including references from 26 of the 27
books of the New Testament).
An exposition of many of the texts discussed here can be found in the author's book Why You
Should Believe in the Trinity (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1989). Unfortunately, it is
currently out of print, but you may be able to locate a copy through Amazon.com's out-of-print
service.
Doctrine of the Trinity:
An Outline Study
By Robert M. Bowman, Jr.
Apologetics Home - Apologetics.com
This is the place to obtain relevant resources on cultural apologetics. Check out our articles, podcasts, and other related material.
www.apologetics.com
It is often alleged that the doctrine of the Trinity is not a biblical doctrine. While the word Trinity
is not in the Bible, the substance of the doctrine is definitely biblical.
The following outline study presents an overview of the biblical basis of the doctrine of the
Trinity. Comments on the texts have been kept to a bare minimum; the emphasis is on the many
biblical texts themselves (about 700 references are listed, including references from 26 of the 27
books of the New Testament).
An exposition of many of the texts discussed here can be found in the author's book Why You
Should Believe in the Trinity (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1989). Unfortunately, it is
currently out of print, but you may be able to locate a copy through Amazon.com's out-of-print
service.
Aproper evaluation of the biblical evidence for the doctrine of the Trinity will depend on the
faithful application of sound principles of biblical interpretation. Here I will mention just two
principles which, if followed, would prevent almost all interpretive errors on this subject.
The first is to interpret the implicit in light of the explicit. That is, texts that explicitly state that
such-and-such is true are to govern our understanding of passages that do not address the issue
directly. For example, many passages of the Bible state explicitly that God is omniscient, that is,
that he knows all things, including the thoughts of men and all future events (1 Sam. 16:7; 1
Chron. 28:9, 17; Job 37:16; Psa. 139:1-4; Isa. 41:22-23; 42:9; 44:7; Jer. 17:10a). These texts
must govern our understanding of passages which might seem to imply, but which do not assert,
that God did not know something (e.g., Gen. 3:9-13; 4:9; 18:9, 20-21).
The other principle is that we interpret logically but not rationalistically. Using the same
illustration, if God knows everything ahead of time, then logically He must have known that
Adam and Eve would fall into sin. However, to argue that if God knew Adam and Eve would sin
then they would not be responsible for their choosing to sin is not "logical," is rationalistic. It
may be difficult to understand how persons could be responsible for their sinful actions if God
knew ahead of time that they would sin, but it is not illogical (not self-contradictory) to say so.
It should be noted that a study of the Trinity should not be undertaken apart from a study of the
nature of God.
I. There Is One God
A. One God: Explicit Statements
1. OT: Deut. 4:35; 39; 32:39; 2 Sam. 22:32; Isa. 37:20: 43:10;
44:6-8; 45:5; 14; 21-22; 46:9
2. NT: John 5:44; Rom. 3:30; 16:27; 1 Cor. 8:4-6; Gal. 3:20; Eph.
4:6; 1 Tim. 1:17; 2:5; James 2:19; Jude 25
B. None like God (in his essence)
1. Explicit statements: Ex. 8:10; 9:14; 15:11; 2 Sam. 7:22; 1 Kgs.
8:23; 1 Chr. 17:20; Psa. 86:8; Isa. 40:18, 25: 44:7; 46:5, 9; Jer.
10:6-7; Micah 7:18
2. Being like God a Satanic lie: Gen. 3:5; Isa. 14:14; John 8:44
3. Fallen man become "like God" only in that he took upon himself
to know good and evil, not that he acquired godhood: Gen. 3:22
C. Only one true God: 2 Chr. 15:3; Jer. 10:10; John 17:3; 1 Thess. 1:9; 1 John
5:20-21
faithful application of sound principles of biblical interpretation. Here I will mention just two
principles which, if followed, would prevent almost all interpretive errors on this subject.
The first is to interpret the implicit in light of the explicit. That is, texts that explicitly state that
such-and-such is true are to govern our understanding of passages that do not address the issue
directly. For example, many passages of the Bible state explicitly that God is omniscient, that is,
that he knows all things, including the thoughts of men and all future events (1 Sam. 16:7; 1
Chron. 28:9, 17; Job 37:16; Psa. 139:1-4; Isa. 41:22-23; 42:9; 44:7; Jer. 17:10a). These texts
must govern our understanding of passages which might seem to imply, but which do not assert,
that God did not know something (e.g., Gen. 3:9-13; 4:9; 18:9, 20-21).
The other principle is that we interpret logically but not rationalistically. Using the same
illustration, if God knows everything ahead of time, then logically He must have known that
Adam and Eve would fall into sin. However, to argue that if God knew Adam and Eve would sin
then they would not be responsible for their choosing to sin is not "logical," is rationalistic. It
may be difficult to understand how persons could be responsible for their sinful actions if God
knew ahead of time that they would sin, but it is not illogical (not self-contradictory) to say so.
It should be noted that a study of the Trinity should not be undertaken apart from a study of the
nature of God.
I. There Is One God
A. One God: Explicit Statements
1. OT: Deut. 4:35; 39; 32:39; 2 Sam. 22:32; Isa. 37:20: 43:10;
44:6-8; 45:5; 14; 21-22; 46:9
2. NT: John 5:44; Rom. 3:30; 16:27; 1 Cor. 8:4-6; Gal. 3:20; Eph.
4:6; 1 Tim. 1:17; 2:5; James 2:19; Jude 25
B. None like God (in his essence)
1. Explicit statements: Ex. 8:10; 9:14; 15:11; 2 Sam. 7:22; 1 Kgs.
8:23; 1 Chr. 17:20; Psa. 86:8; Isa. 40:18, 25: 44:7; 46:5, 9; Jer.
10:6-7; Micah 7:18
2. Being like God a Satanic lie: Gen. 3:5; Isa. 14:14; John 8:44
3. Fallen man become "like God" only in that he took upon himself
to know good and evil, not that he acquired godhood: Gen. 3:22
C. Only one true God: 2 Chr. 15:3; Jer. 10:10; John 17:3; 1 Thess. 1:9; 1 John
5:20-21
D. All other "gods" are therefore false gods (idols), not gods at all: Deut.
32:21; 1 Sam. 12:21; Psa. 96:5; Isa. 37:19; 41:23-24, 29; Jer. 2:11; 5:7; 16:20; 1
Cor. 8:4; 10:19-20
E. Demons, not gods, are the power behind false worship: Deut. 32:17; Psa.
106:37; 1 Cor. 10:20; Gal. 4:8
F. How human beings are meant to be "like God"
1. The image of God indicates that man is to represent God and
share his moral character, not that man can be metaphysically like
God: Gen. 1:26-27; 5:1; 1 Cor. 11:7; Eph. 4:24; Col. 3:10
2. The goal of being like Christ has the following aspects only:
a. Sharing His moral character: 1 John 3:2; Rom.
8:29
b. Being raised with glorified, immortal bodies like
His: Phil. 3:21; 1 Cor. 15:49
3. Becoming partakers of the divine nature refers again to moral
nature ("having escaped the corruption that is in the world by
lust"), not metaphysical nature: 2 Pet. 1:4; see also Heb. 12:10; on
the meaning of "partakers," see 1 Cor. 10:18, 20; 2 Cor. 1:17; 1
Pet. 5:1
G. Are mighty or exalted men gods?
1. Scripture never says explicitly that men are gods
2. Powerful, mighty men are explicitly said not to be gods: Ezek.
28:2, 9; Isa. 31:3; 2 Thess. 2:4
3. Men and God are opposite, exclusive categories: Num. 23:19;
Isa. 31:3; Ezek. 28:2; Hosea 11:9; Matt. 19:26; John 10:33; Acts
12:22; 1 Cor. 14:2
4. Moses was "as God," not really a god: Ex. 4:16; 7:1
5. Ezek. 32:21 speaks of warriors or soldiers as "mighty gods," but
in context they are so regarded by their pagan nations, not by God
or Israel; cf. Ezek. 28:2, 9
6. The elohim before whom accused stood in Exodus was God
Himself, not judges, as many translations incorrectly render: Ex.
22:8-9, 28; compare Deut. 19:17
7. The use of elohim in Psalm 82, probably in reference to wicked
judges, as cited by Jesus in John 10:34-36, does not mean that men
really can be gods.
32:21; 1 Sam. 12:21; Psa. 96:5; Isa. 37:19; 41:23-24, 29; Jer. 2:11; 5:7; 16:20; 1
Cor. 8:4; 10:19-20
E. Demons, not gods, are the power behind false worship: Deut. 32:17; Psa.
106:37; 1 Cor. 10:20; Gal. 4:8
F. How human beings are meant to be "like God"
1. The image of God indicates that man is to represent God and
share his moral character, not that man can be metaphysically like
God: Gen. 1:26-27; 5:1; 1 Cor. 11:7; Eph. 4:24; Col. 3:10
2. The goal of being like Christ has the following aspects only:
a. Sharing His moral character: 1 John 3:2; Rom.
8:29
b. Being raised with glorified, immortal bodies like
His: Phil. 3:21; 1 Cor. 15:49
3. Becoming partakers of the divine nature refers again to moral
nature ("having escaped the corruption that is in the world by
lust"), not metaphysical nature: 2 Pet. 1:4; see also Heb. 12:10; on
the meaning of "partakers," see 1 Cor. 10:18, 20; 2 Cor. 1:17; 1
Pet. 5:1
G. Are mighty or exalted men gods?
1. Scripture never says explicitly that men are gods
2. Powerful, mighty men are explicitly said not to be gods: Ezek.
28:2, 9; Isa. 31:3; 2 Thess. 2:4
3. Men and God are opposite, exclusive categories: Num. 23:19;
Isa. 31:3; Ezek. 28:2; Hosea 11:9; Matt. 19:26; John 10:33; Acts
12:22; 1 Cor. 14:2
4. Moses was "as God," not really a god: Ex. 4:16; 7:1
5. Ezek. 32:21 speaks of warriors or soldiers as "mighty gods," but
in context they are so regarded by their pagan nations, not by God
or Israel; cf. Ezek. 28:2, 9
6. The elohim before whom accused stood in Exodus was God
Himself, not judges, as many translations incorrectly render: Ex.
22:8-9, 28; compare Deut. 19:17
7. The use of elohim in Psalm 82, probably in reference to wicked
judges, as cited by Jesus in John 10:34-36, does not mean that men
really can be gods.
a. It is Asaph, not the Lord, who calls the judges
elohim in Psa. 82:1, 6. This is important, even
though we agree that Psa. 82 is inspired.
b. Asaph's meaning is not "Although you are gods,
you will die like men," but rather "I called you
gods, but in fact you will all die like the men that
you really are"
c. The Psalmist was no more saying that wicked
judges were truly gods than he was saying that they
were truly "sons of the Most High" (v. 6b)
d. Thus, Psa. 82:1 calls the judges elohim in irony.
They had quite likely taken their role in judgment
(cf. point 5 above) to mean they were elohim, or
gods, and Asaph's message is that these so-called
gods were mere men who would die under the
judgment of the true elohim (vss. 1-2, 7-8)
e. Christ's use of this passage in John 10:34-36 does
not negate the above interpretation of Psalm 82
f. The words, "The Scripture cannot be broken,"
means "the Scripture cannot go without having
some ultimate fulfillment" (cf. John 7:23; Matt.
5:17). Thus Jesus is saying that what the OT judges
were called in irony, He is in reality; He does what
they could not do, and is what they could never be
(see the Adam-Christ contrasts in Rom. 5:12-21 and
1 Cor. 15:21-22, 45 for a similar use of OT
Scripture)
g. The clause, "those against whom the word of God
came" (John 10:35) shows that this "word" was a
word of judgment against the so-called gods; which
shows that they were false gods, not really gods at
all
h. Finally, these wicked men were certainly not
"godlike" or "divine" by nature, so that in any case
the use of elohim to refer to them must be seen as
figurative, not literal
8. Even if men were gods (which they are not), this would be
irrelevant to Jesus, since He was God as a preexistent spirit before
creation: John 1:1
H. Are angels gods?
1. Scripture never explicitly states that angels are gods
2. Demonic spirits are not gods, 1 Cor. 10:20; Gal. 4:8; thus, being
"mighty spirits" does not make angels gods
3. Satan is therefore also a false god: 2 Cor. 4:4
4. Psalm 8:5 does not teach that angels are gods
a. Psa. 8:5 is paraphrased in Heb. 2:7, not quoted
literally (cf. Psa. 68:18 with Eph. 4:8). In Psa. 8:5,
elohim certainly means God, not angels, since Psa.
8:3-8 parallels Gen. 1:1, 8 16, 26-28. Note that the
elohim in Psa. 82:1, 6. This is important, even
though we agree that Psa. 82 is inspired.
b. Asaph's meaning is not "Although you are gods,
you will die like men," but rather "I called you
gods, but in fact you will all die like the men that
you really are"
c. The Psalmist was no more saying that wicked
judges were truly gods than he was saying that they
were truly "sons of the Most High" (v. 6b)
d. Thus, Psa. 82:1 calls the judges elohim in irony.
They had quite likely taken their role in judgment
(cf. point 5 above) to mean they were elohim, or
gods, and Asaph's message is that these so-called
gods were mere men who would die under the
judgment of the true elohim (vss. 1-2, 7-8)
e. Christ's use of this passage in John 10:34-36 does
not negate the above interpretation of Psalm 82
f. The words, "The Scripture cannot be broken,"
means "the Scripture cannot go without having
some ultimate fulfillment" (cf. John 7:23; Matt.
5:17). Thus Jesus is saying that what the OT judges
were called in irony, He is in reality; He does what
they could not do, and is what they could never be
(see the Adam-Christ contrasts in Rom. 5:12-21 and
1 Cor. 15:21-22, 45 for a similar use of OT
Scripture)
g. The clause, "those against whom the word of God
came" (John 10:35) shows that this "word" was a
word of judgment against the so-called gods; which
shows that they were false gods, not really gods at
all
h. Finally, these wicked men were certainly not
"godlike" or "divine" by nature, so that in any case
the use of elohim to refer to them must be seen as
figurative, not literal
8. Even if men were gods (which they are not), this would be
irrelevant to Jesus, since He was God as a preexistent spirit before
creation: John 1:1
H. Are angels gods?
1. Scripture never explicitly states that angels are gods
2. Demonic spirits are not gods, 1 Cor. 10:20; Gal. 4:8; thus, being
"mighty spirits" does not make angels gods
3. Satan is therefore also a false god: 2 Cor. 4:4
4. Psalm 8:5 does not teach that angels are gods
a. Psa. 8:5 is paraphrased in Heb. 2:7, not quoted
literally (cf. Psa. 68:18 with Eph. 4:8). In Psa. 8:5,
elohim certainly means God, not angels, since Psa.
8:3-8 parallels Gen. 1:1, 8 16, 26-28. Note that the
Psalmist is speaking of man's exalted place in
creation, whereas Hebrews is speaking of the lower
place taken by Christ in becoming a man. Thus,
Heb. 2:7 may not mean to equate angels with gods
at all.
b. Even if Heb. 2:7 does imply that angels are
"gods," in the context of Hebrews 1-2 these angels
would be those falsely exalted above Christ: Note
Heb. 1:6 (which quotes Psa. 97:7, which definitely
speaks of "gods" in the sense of false gods); and cf.
Col. 2:16 on the problem of the worship of angels.
5. Elsewhere in the Psalms angels, if spoken of as gods (or as "sons
of the gods"), are considered false gods: Psa. 29:1; 86:8-10; 89:6;
95:3; 96:4-5; 97:7-9 (note that these false gods are called "angels"
in the Septuagint); 135:5; 136:2; 138:1; cf. Ex. 15:11; 18:11; Deut.
10:17; 1 Chr. 16:25; 2 Chr. 2:5.
6. Even if the angels were gods (which the above shows they are
not), that would be irrelevant to Jesus, since He is not an angelic
being, but the Son who is worshipped by the angels as their
Creator, Lord, and God: Heb. 1:1-13.
I. Conclusion: If there is only one God, one true God, all other gods being false
gods, neither men nor angels being gods, and none even like God by nature - all
of which the Bible says repeatedly and explicitly - then we must conclude that
there is indeed only one God.
II. This One God Is Known in the OT as "Jehovah/Yahweh" ("The Lord")
A. Texts where Jehovah is said to be elohim or el: Deut. 4:35, 39; Psa. 100:3;
etc.
B. Texts where the compound name "Jehovah God" (Yahweh Elohim) is
used: Gen. 2:3; 9:26; 24:3; Ex. 3:15-18; 4:4; 2 Sam. 7:22, 25; etc.
C. Only one Yahweh/Jehovah: Deut. 6:4; Mark 12:29
D. Conclusion: Jehovah is the only God, the only El or Elohim
III. God Is a Unique, Incomprehensible Being
A. Only one God, thus unique: See I.A.
B. None are even like God: see I.B.
C. God cannot be fully comprehended: 1 Cor. 8:2-3
D. God can only be known insofar as the Son reveals Him: Matt. 11:25-27;
John 1:18
E. Analogical language needed to describe God: Ezek. 1:26-28; Rev. 1:13-16
F. God is transcendent, entirely distinct from and different than the universe,
as the carpenter is distinct from the bench
1. Separate from the world: Isa. 40:22; Acts 17:24
2. Contrasted with the world: Psa. 102:25-27; 1 John 2:15-17
3. Created the world: Gen. 1:1; Psa. 33:6; 102:25; Isa. 42:5; 44:24;
John 1:3; Rom. 11:36; Heb. 1:2; 11:3
creation, whereas Hebrews is speaking of the lower
place taken by Christ in becoming a man. Thus,
Heb. 2:7 may not mean to equate angels with gods
at all.
b. Even if Heb. 2:7 does imply that angels are
"gods," in the context of Hebrews 1-2 these angels
would be those falsely exalted above Christ: Note
Heb. 1:6 (which quotes Psa. 97:7, which definitely
speaks of "gods" in the sense of false gods); and cf.
Col. 2:16 on the problem of the worship of angels.
5. Elsewhere in the Psalms angels, if spoken of as gods (or as "sons
of the gods"), are considered false gods: Psa. 29:1; 86:8-10; 89:6;
95:3; 96:4-5; 97:7-9 (note that these false gods are called "angels"
in the Septuagint); 135:5; 136:2; 138:1; cf. Ex. 15:11; 18:11; Deut.
10:17; 1 Chr. 16:25; 2 Chr. 2:5.
6. Even if the angels were gods (which the above shows they are
not), that would be irrelevant to Jesus, since He is not an angelic
being, but the Son who is worshipped by the angels as their
Creator, Lord, and God: Heb. 1:1-13.
I. Conclusion: If there is only one God, one true God, all other gods being false
gods, neither men nor angels being gods, and none even like God by nature - all
of which the Bible says repeatedly and explicitly - then we must conclude that
there is indeed only one God.
II. This One God Is Known in the OT as "Jehovah/Yahweh" ("The Lord")
A. Texts where Jehovah is said to be elohim or el: Deut. 4:35, 39; Psa. 100:3;
etc.
B. Texts where the compound name "Jehovah God" (Yahweh Elohim) is
used: Gen. 2:3; 9:26; 24:3; Ex. 3:15-18; 4:4; 2 Sam. 7:22, 25; etc.
C. Only one Yahweh/Jehovah: Deut. 6:4; Mark 12:29
D. Conclusion: Jehovah is the only God, the only El or Elohim
III. God Is a Unique, Incomprehensible Being
A. Only one God, thus unique: See I.A.
B. None are even like God: see I.B.
C. God cannot be fully comprehended: 1 Cor. 8:2-3
D. God can only be known insofar as the Son reveals Him: Matt. 11:25-27;
John 1:18
E. Analogical language needed to describe God: Ezek. 1:26-28; Rev. 1:13-16
F. God is transcendent, entirely distinct from and different than the universe,
as the carpenter is distinct from the bench
1. Separate from the world: Isa. 40:22; Acts 17:24
2. Contrasted with the world: Psa. 102:25-27; 1 John 2:15-17
3. Created the world: Gen. 1:1; Psa. 33:6; 102:25; Isa. 42:5; 44:24;
John 1:3; Rom. 11:36; Heb. 1:2; 11:3
IV. Is God One Person?
A. God is one God (cf. I above), one Yahweh, one Lord (cf. II above), one
Spirit (John 4:24)
B. However, the Bible never says that God is "one person"
1. Heb. 1:3 KJV speaks of God's "person," but the word used here,
hupostasis, is translated "substance" in Heb. 11:1 KJV; also in
Heb. 1:3 "God" refers specifically to the Father
2. Gal. 3:20 speaks of God as one party in the covenant between
God and man, not as one person
3. Job 13:8 KJV speaks of God's "person," but ironically the
Hebrew literally means "his faces"
C. The use of singular and plural pronouns for God
1. Over 7000 times God speaks or is spoken of with singular
pronouns (I, He, etc.); but this is proper because God is a single
individual being; thus these singular forms do not disprove that
God exists as three "persons" as long as these persons are not
separate beings
2. At least three times God speaks of or to himself using plural
pronouns (Gen. 1:26; 3:22; 11:7), and nontrinitarian interpretation
cannot account for these occurrences.
a. A plural reference to God and the angels is
possible in Isa. 6:8, but not in the Genesis texts: in
1:26 "our image" is explained in 1:27, "in God's
image"; in 3:22 "like one of us" refers back to 3:5,
"like God."
b. The "literary plural" (possibly, though never
clearly, attested in Paul) is irrelevant to texts in
which God is speaking, not writing.
c. The "plural of deliberation" (as in "Let's see
now...") is apparently unattested in biblical writings,
and cannot explain Gen. 3:22 ("like one of us").
d. The "plural of amplitude" or of "fullness" (which
probably does explain the use of the plural form
elohim in the singular sense of "God") is irrelevant
to the use of plural pronouns, and again cannot
explain Gen. 3:22.
e. The "plural of majesty" is possibly attested in 1
Kgs. 12:9; 2 Chron. 10:9; more likely Ezra 4:18; but
none of these are certain; and again, it cannot
explain Gen. 3:22; also nothing in the context of the
Genesis texts suggests that God is being presented
particularly as King.
A. God is one God (cf. I above), one Yahweh, one Lord (cf. II above), one
Spirit (John 4:24)
B. However, the Bible never says that God is "one person"
1. Heb. 1:3 KJV speaks of God's "person," but the word used here,
hupostasis, is translated "substance" in Heb. 11:1 KJV; also in
Heb. 1:3 "God" refers specifically to the Father
2. Gal. 3:20 speaks of God as one party in the covenant between
God and man, not as one person
3. Job 13:8 KJV speaks of God's "person," but ironically the
Hebrew literally means "his faces"
C. The use of singular and plural pronouns for God
1. Over 7000 times God speaks or is spoken of with singular
pronouns (I, He, etc.); but this is proper because God is a single
individual being; thus these singular forms do not disprove that
God exists as three "persons" as long as these persons are not
separate beings
2. At least three times God speaks of or to himself using plural
pronouns (Gen. 1:26; 3:22; 11:7), and nontrinitarian interpretation
cannot account for these occurrences.
a. A plural reference to God and the angels is
possible in Isa. 6:8, but not in the Genesis texts: in
1:26 "our image" is explained in 1:27, "in God's
image"; in 3:22 "like one of us" refers back to 3:5,
"like God."
b. The "literary plural" (possibly, though never
clearly, attested in Paul) is irrelevant to texts in
which God is speaking, not writing.
c. The "plural of deliberation" (as in "Let's see
now...") is apparently unattested in biblical writings,
and cannot explain Gen. 3:22 ("like one of us").
d. The "plural of amplitude" or of "fullness" (which
probably does explain the use of the plural form
elohim in the singular sense of "God") is irrelevant
to the use of plural pronouns, and again cannot
explain Gen. 3:22.
e. The "plural of majesty" is possibly attested in 1
Kgs. 12:9; 2 Chron. 10:9; more likely Ezra 4:18; but
none of these are certain; and again, it cannot
explain Gen. 3:22; also nothing in the context of the
Genesis texts suggests that God is being presented
particularly as King.
D. The uniqueness of God (cf. III above) should prepare us for the possibility
that the one divine Being exists uniquely as a plurality of persons
V. The Father of Jesus Christ Is God
A. Explicit statements: John 17:3; 1 Cor. 8:6; etc.
B. The expression, "the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ": 2 Cor. 1:3;
Eph. 1:3; 1 Pet. 1:3
VI. Jesus Christ Is God
A. Explicit statements
1. Isa. 9:6; note 10:21. Translations which render "mighty hero,"
are inconsistent in their rendering of 10:21. Also note that Ezek.
32:21 is (a) not in the same context, as is Isa. 10:21, and (b)
speaking of false gods, cf. I.G.5. above.
2. John 1:1 Even if Jesus is here called "a god" (as some have
argued), since there is only one God, Jesus is that God. However,
the "a god" rendering is incorrect. Other passages using the Greek
word for God (theos) in the same construction are always rendered
"God": Mark 12:27; Luke 20:38; John 8:54; Phil 2:13; Heb. 11:16.
Passages in which a shift occurs from ho theos ("the God") to theos
("God") never imply a shift in meaning: Mark 12:27; Luke 20:37-
38; John 3:2; 13:3; Rom. 1:21; 1 Thess. 1:9; heb. 9:14; 1 Pet. 4:10-
11
3. John 1:18. The best manuscripts have "the unique God"
(monogenês, frequently rendered "only-begotten," actually means
"one of a kind," "unique," though in the NT always in the context
of a son or daughter). Even if one translates "only-begotten," the
idea is not of a "begotten god" as opposed to an "unbegotten god."
4. John 20:28. Compare Rev. 4:11, where the same construction is
used in the plural ("our") instead of the singular ("my"). See also
Psa. 35:23. Note that Christ's response indicates that Thomas'
acclamation was not wrong. Also note that John 20:17 does show
that the Father was Jesus' "God" (due to Jesus becoming a man),
but the words "my God" as spoken by Thomas later in the same
chapter must mean no less than in v. 17. Thus, what the Father is to
Jesus in His humanity, Jesus is to Thomas (and therefore to us as
well).
5. Acts 20:28: "the church of God which He purchased with His
own blood." The variant readings (e.g. "the church of the Lord")
show that the original was understood to mean "His own blood,"
not "the blood of His own [Son]" (since otherwise no one would
have thought to change it). Thus all other renderings are attempts
to evade the startling clarity and meaning of this passage.
that the one divine Being exists uniquely as a plurality of persons
V. The Father of Jesus Christ Is God
A. Explicit statements: John 17:3; 1 Cor. 8:6; etc.
B. The expression, "the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ": 2 Cor. 1:3;
Eph. 1:3; 1 Pet. 1:3
VI. Jesus Christ Is God
A. Explicit statements
1. Isa. 9:6; note 10:21. Translations which render "mighty hero,"
are inconsistent in their rendering of 10:21. Also note that Ezek.
32:21 is (a) not in the same context, as is Isa. 10:21, and (b)
speaking of false gods, cf. I.G.5. above.
2. John 1:1 Even if Jesus is here called "a god" (as some have
argued), since there is only one God, Jesus is that God. However,
the "a god" rendering is incorrect. Other passages using the Greek
word for God (theos) in the same construction are always rendered
"God": Mark 12:27; Luke 20:38; John 8:54; Phil 2:13; Heb. 11:16.
Passages in which a shift occurs from ho theos ("the God") to theos
("God") never imply a shift in meaning: Mark 12:27; Luke 20:37-
38; John 3:2; 13:3; Rom. 1:21; 1 Thess. 1:9; heb. 9:14; 1 Pet. 4:10-
11
3. John 1:18. The best manuscripts have "the unique God"
(monogenês, frequently rendered "only-begotten," actually means
"one of a kind," "unique," though in the NT always in the context
of a son or daughter). Even if one translates "only-begotten," the
idea is not of a "begotten god" as opposed to an "unbegotten god."
4. John 20:28. Compare Rev. 4:11, where the same construction is
used in the plural ("our") instead of the singular ("my"). See also
Psa. 35:23. Note that Christ's response indicates that Thomas'
acclamation was not wrong. Also note that John 20:17 does show
that the Father was Jesus' "God" (due to Jesus becoming a man),
but the words "my God" as spoken by Thomas later in the same
chapter must mean no less than in v. 17. Thus, what the Father is to
Jesus in His humanity, Jesus is to Thomas (and therefore to us as
well).
5. Acts 20:28: "the church of God which He purchased with His
own blood." The variant readings (e.g. "the church of the Lord")
show that the original was understood to mean "His own blood,"
not "the blood of His own [Son]" (since otherwise no one would
have thought to change it). Thus all other renderings are attempts
to evade the startling clarity and meaning of this passage.
6. Rom. 9:5. While grammatically this is not the only possible
interpretation, the consistent form of doxologies in Scripture, as
well as the smoothest reading of the text, supports the
identification of Christ as "God" in this verse.
7. Titus 2:13. Grammatically and contextually, this is one of the
strongest proof-texts for the deity of Christ. Sharp's first rule,
properly understood, proves that the text should be translated "our
great God and Savior" (cf. same construction in Luke 20:37; Rev.
1:6; and many other passages). Note also that Paul always uses the
word "manifestation" ("appearing") of Christ: 2 Thess. 2:8; 1 Tim.
6:14; 2. Tim. 1:10; 4:1, 8.
8. Heb. 1:8. The rendering, "God is your throne," is nonsense -
God is not a throne, He is the one who sits on the throne! Also,
"God is your throne," if taken to mean God is the source of one's
rule, could be said about any angelic ruler - but Hebrews 1 is
arguing that Jesus is superior to the angels.
9. 2 Pet. 1:1. The same construction is used here as in Titus 2:13;
see the parallel passages in 2 Pet. 1:11; 2:20; 3:2, 18.
10. 1 John 5:20. Note that the most obvious antecedent for "this" is
Jesus Christ. Also note that the "eternal life" is Christ, as can be
seen from 1:2.
B. Jesus is Jehovah/Yahweh
1. Rom. 10:9-13: Note the repeated "for," which links these verses
closely together. The "Lord" of 10:13 must be the "Lord" of 10:9,
12.
2. Phil. 2:9-11. In context, the "name that is above every name" is
"Lord" (vs. 11), i.e., Jehovah.
3. Heb. 1:10: Here God the Father addresses the Son as "Lord," in
a quotation from Psa. 102:25 (cf. 102:24, where the person
addressed is called "God"). Since here the Father addresses the Son
as "Lord," this cannot be explained away as a text in which a
creature addresses Christ as God/Lord in a merely representational
sense.
4. 1 Pet. 2:3-4: This verse is nearly an exact quotation of Psa.
34:8a, where "Lord" is Jehovah. From 1 Pet. 2:4-8 it is also clear
that "the Lord" in v. 3 is Jesus.
5. 1 Pet. 3:14-15: these verses are a clear reference to Isa. 8:12-13,
where the one who is to be regarded as holy is Jehovah.
6. Texts where Jesus is spoken of as the "one Lord" (cf. Deut. 6:4;
Mark 12:29): 1 Cor. 8:6; Eph. 4:5; cf. Rom. 10:12; 1 Cor. 12:5.
C. Jesus has the titles of God
1. Titles belonging only to God
a. The first and the last: Rev. 1:17; 22:13; cf. Isa.
44:6
interpretation, the consistent form of doxologies in Scripture, as
well as the smoothest reading of the text, supports the
identification of Christ as "God" in this verse.
7. Titus 2:13. Grammatically and contextually, this is one of the
strongest proof-texts for the deity of Christ. Sharp's first rule,
properly understood, proves that the text should be translated "our
great God and Savior" (cf. same construction in Luke 20:37; Rev.
1:6; and many other passages). Note also that Paul always uses the
word "manifestation" ("appearing") of Christ: 2 Thess. 2:8; 1 Tim.
6:14; 2. Tim. 1:10; 4:1, 8.
8. Heb. 1:8. The rendering, "God is your throne," is nonsense -
God is not a throne, He is the one who sits on the throne! Also,
"God is your throne," if taken to mean God is the source of one's
rule, could be said about any angelic ruler - but Hebrews 1 is
arguing that Jesus is superior to the angels.
9. 2 Pet. 1:1. The same construction is used here as in Titus 2:13;
see the parallel passages in 2 Pet. 1:11; 2:20; 3:2, 18.
10. 1 John 5:20. Note that the most obvious antecedent for "this" is
Jesus Christ. Also note that the "eternal life" is Christ, as can be
seen from 1:2.
B. Jesus is Jehovah/Yahweh
1. Rom. 10:9-13: Note the repeated "for," which links these verses
closely together. The "Lord" of 10:13 must be the "Lord" of 10:9,
12.
2. Phil. 2:9-11. In context, the "name that is above every name" is
"Lord" (vs. 11), i.e., Jehovah.
3. Heb. 1:10: Here God the Father addresses the Son as "Lord," in
a quotation from Psa. 102:25 (cf. 102:24, where the person
addressed is called "God"). Since here the Father addresses the Son
as "Lord," this cannot be explained away as a text in which a
creature addresses Christ as God/Lord in a merely representational
sense.
4. 1 Pet. 2:3-4: This verse is nearly an exact quotation of Psa.
34:8a, where "Lord" is Jehovah. From 1 Pet. 2:4-8 it is also clear
that "the Lord" in v. 3 is Jesus.
5. 1 Pet. 3:14-15: these verses are a clear reference to Isa. 8:12-13,
where the one who is to be regarded as holy is Jehovah.
6. Texts where Jesus is spoken of as the "one Lord" (cf. Deut. 6:4;
Mark 12:29): 1 Cor. 8:6; Eph. 4:5; cf. Rom. 10:12; 1 Cor. 12:5.
C. Jesus has the titles of God
1. Titles belonging only to God
a. The first and the last: Rev. 1:17; 22:13; cf. Isa.
44:6
b. King of kings and Lord of lords: 1 Tim. 6:15;
Rev. 17:14; 19:16
2. Titles belonging in the ultimate sense only to God
a. Savior: Luke 2:11; John 4:42; 1 John 4:14; Titus
2:13, cf. v. 10; etc.; cf. Isa. 43.11; 45:21-22; 1 Tim.
4:10; on Jesus becoming the source of salvation;
Heb. 5:9, cf. Ex. 15:2; Psa. 118:14, 21
b. Shepherd: John 10:11; Heb. 13:20; cf. Psa. 23:1;
Isa. 40:11
c. Rock: 1 Cor. 10:4; cf. Isa. 44:8
D. Jesus received the honors due to God alone
1. Honor: John 5:23
2. Love: Matt. 10:37
3. Prayer: John 14:14 (text debated, but in any case it is Jesus who
answers the prayer); Acts 1:24-25; 7:59-60 (cf. Luke 23:34, 46);
Rom. 10:12-13; 1 Cor. 1:2; 2 Cor. 12:8-10 (where "the Lord" must
be Jesus, cf. v. 9); 2 Thess. 2:16-17; etc.
4. Worship (proskuneô): Matt. 28:17; Heb. 1:6 (cf. Psa. 97:7); cf.
Matt 4:10
5. Religious or sacred service (latreuô): Rev. 22:13
6. Doxological praise: 2 Tim. 4:18; 2 Pet. 3:18; Rev. 1:5-6; 5:13
7. Faith: John 3:16; 14:1; etc.
E. Jesus does the works of God
1. Creation: John 1:3; 1 Cor. 8:6; Col. 1:16-17; Heb. 1:2; Rev. 3:14
(where archê probably means ruler); on "through" and "in" cf.
Rom. 11:36; Heb. 2:10; Acts 17:28; cf. also Isa. 44:24
2. Sustains the universe: Col. 1:17; Heb. 1:3, 11-12
3. Salvation:
a. In General: See C.2.a. above
b. Forgives sins: Matt. 9:1-8; Mark 2:1-12; Luke
5:17-26; note that Jesus forgives sins not committed
against Him.
4. All of them: John 5:17-29 (including judgment, cf. Matt. 25:31-
46; 2 Cor. 5:10)
F. Jesus has all the incommunicable attributes of God
1. All of them: John 1:1; Phil. 2:6; Col. 1:15; 2:9; Heb. 1:3
2. Self-existent: John 5:26
3. Unchangeable: Heb. 1:10-12 (in the same sense as YHWH);
13:8
4. Eternal: John 1:1; 8:58; 17:5; Col. 1:17; Heb. 1:2
5. Omnipresent: Matt. 18:20; 28:20; John 3:13; Eph. 1:23; 4:10;
Col. 3:11
Rev. 17:14; 19:16
2. Titles belonging in the ultimate sense only to God
a. Savior: Luke 2:11; John 4:42; 1 John 4:14; Titus
2:13, cf. v. 10; etc.; cf. Isa. 43.11; 45:21-22; 1 Tim.
4:10; on Jesus becoming the source of salvation;
Heb. 5:9, cf. Ex. 15:2; Psa. 118:14, 21
b. Shepherd: John 10:11; Heb. 13:20; cf. Psa. 23:1;
Isa. 40:11
c. Rock: 1 Cor. 10:4; cf. Isa. 44:8
D. Jesus received the honors due to God alone
1. Honor: John 5:23
2. Love: Matt. 10:37
3. Prayer: John 14:14 (text debated, but in any case it is Jesus who
answers the prayer); Acts 1:24-25; 7:59-60 (cf. Luke 23:34, 46);
Rom. 10:12-13; 1 Cor. 1:2; 2 Cor. 12:8-10 (where "the Lord" must
be Jesus, cf. v. 9); 2 Thess. 2:16-17; etc.
4. Worship (proskuneô): Matt. 28:17; Heb. 1:6 (cf. Psa. 97:7); cf.
Matt 4:10
5. Religious or sacred service (latreuô): Rev. 22:13
6. Doxological praise: 2 Tim. 4:18; 2 Pet. 3:18; Rev. 1:5-6; 5:13
7. Faith: John 3:16; 14:1; etc.
E. Jesus does the works of God
1. Creation: John 1:3; 1 Cor. 8:6; Col. 1:16-17; Heb. 1:2; Rev. 3:14
(where archê probably means ruler); on "through" and "in" cf.
Rom. 11:36; Heb. 2:10; Acts 17:28; cf. also Isa. 44:24
2. Sustains the universe: Col. 1:17; Heb. 1:3, 11-12
3. Salvation:
a. In General: See C.2.a. above
b. Forgives sins: Matt. 9:1-8; Mark 2:1-12; Luke
5:17-26; note that Jesus forgives sins not committed
against Him.
4. All of them: John 5:17-29 (including judgment, cf. Matt. 25:31-
46; 2 Cor. 5:10)
F. Jesus has all the incommunicable attributes of God
1. All of them: John 1:1; Phil. 2:6; Col. 1:15; 2:9; Heb. 1:3
2. Self-existent: John 5:26
3. Unchangeable: Heb. 1:10-12 (in the same sense as YHWH);
13:8
4. Eternal: John 1:1; 8:58; 17:5; Col. 1:17; Heb. 1:2
5. Omnipresent: Matt. 18:20; 28:20; John 3:13; Eph. 1:23; 4:10;
Col. 3:11
6. Omniscient: John 16:30; 21:17; cf. 2:23-24
7. Incomprehensible: Matt. 11:25-27
G. Jesus is "equal with God"
1. John 5:18: Although John is relating what the Jews understood
Jesus to be claiming, the context shows they were basically right:
In v. 17 claimed to be exempt from the Sabbath along with His
Father, and in 5:19-29 Jesus claimed to do all of the world of the
Father and to deserve the same honor as the Father
2. Phil. 2:6: Jesus did not attempt to seize recognition by the world
as being equal with God, but attained that recognition by humbling
himself and being exalted by the Father (vv. 7-11)
H. Jesus is the Son of God
1. "Son" in Scripture can mean simply one possessing the nature of
something, whether literal or figurative (e.g. "Son of man," "sons
of thunder," "sons of disobedience," cf. Mark 3:7; Eph. 2:1).
2. Usually when "son of" is used in relation to a person (son of
man, son of Abraham, son of David, etc.) the son possesses the
nature of his father.
3. Jesus is clearly not the literal Son of God, i.e., He was not
physically procreated by God.
4. On the other hand, Jesus is clearly the Son of God in a unique
sense (cf. "only-begotten son," John 1:14; 3:16, 18; 1 John 4:9) and
in a preeminent sense (i.e. the term is more fitting for Him than for
anyone else).
5. Scripture is explicit that the Son possesses God's essence or
nature (cf. F. above).
6. Jesus' repeated claim to be the Son of God was consistently
understood by the Jewish leaders as a blasphemous claim to
equality with God, an understanding Jesus never denied: John
5:17-23; 8:58-59; 10:30-39; 19:7; Matt. 26:63-65.
7. Jesus is therefore by nature God's Son, not God's creation or
God's servant; Jesus is God's Son who became a servant for our
sake and for the Father's glory (John 13:13-15; 17:4; Phil. 2:6-11;
Heb. 1:4-13; 3:1-6; 5:8; etc.).
I. Objections
1. Prov. 8:22: This text is not a literal description of Christ, but a
poetic personification of wisdom (cf. all of Prov. 1-9, esp. 8:12-21;
9:1-6), poetically saying that God "got" His wisdom before He did
anything - i.e., that God has always had wisdom.
2. Col. 1:15: Does not mean that Christ is the first creature, since
He is here presented as the Son and principal heir of the Father (cf.
vv. 12-44); thus "firstborn" here means "heir" (cf. Gen. 43:33;
48;14-20; Ex. 4:22; 1 Chron. 5:1-3; Psa. 89:27; Jer. 31:9); note that
7. Incomprehensible: Matt. 11:25-27
G. Jesus is "equal with God"
1. John 5:18: Although John is relating what the Jews understood
Jesus to be claiming, the context shows they were basically right:
In v. 17 claimed to be exempt from the Sabbath along with His
Father, and in 5:19-29 Jesus claimed to do all of the world of the
Father and to deserve the same honor as the Father
2. Phil. 2:6: Jesus did not attempt to seize recognition by the world
as being equal with God, but attained that recognition by humbling
himself and being exalted by the Father (vv. 7-11)
H. Jesus is the Son of God
1. "Son" in Scripture can mean simply one possessing the nature of
something, whether literal or figurative (e.g. "Son of man," "sons
of thunder," "sons of disobedience," cf. Mark 3:7; Eph. 2:1).
2. Usually when "son of" is used in relation to a person (son of
man, son of Abraham, son of David, etc.) the son possesses the
nature of his father.
3. Jesus is clearly not the literal Son of God, i.e., He was not
physically procreated by God.
4. On the other hand, Jesus is clearly the Son of God in a unique
sense (cf. "only-begotten son," John 1:14; 3:16, 18; 1 John 4:9) and
in a preeminent sense (i.e. the term is more fitting for Him than for
anyone else).
5. Scripture is explicit that the Son possesses God's essence or
nature (cf. F. above).
6. Jesus' repeated claim to be the Son of God was consistently
understood by the Jewish leaders as a blasphemous claim to
equality with God, an understanding Jesus never denied: John
5:17-23; 8:58-59; 10:30-39; 19:7; Matt. 26:63-65.
7. Jesus is therefore by nature God's Son, not God's creation or
God's servant; Jesus is God's Son who became a servant for our
sake and for the Father's glory (John 13:13-15; 17:4; Phil. 2:6-11;
Heb. 1:4-13; 3:1-6; 5:8; etc.).
I. Objections
1. Prov. 8:22: This text is not a literal description of Christ, but a
poetic personification of wisdom (cf. all of Prov. 1-9, esp. 8:12-21;
9:1-6), poetically saying that God "got" His wisdom before He did
anything - i.e., that God has always had wisdom.
2. Col. 1:15: Does not mean that Christ is the first creature, since
He is here presented as the Son and principal heir of the Father (cf.
vv. 12-44); thus "firstborn" here means "heir" (cf. Gen. 43:33;
48;14-20; Ex. 4:22; 1 Chron. 5:1-3; Psa. 89:27; Jer. 31:9); note that
v. 16 speaks of the Son as the Creator, nor creature (cf. E.1.
above).
3. Rev. 3:14: "Beginning" (archê) in Rev. as a title means source
or one who begins, i.e. Creator (cf. Rev. 1:8; 21:6; 22:13);
elsewhere Christ is called the archê in the sense of "ruler," Col.
1:18, cf. plural archai, "rulers," in Col. 1:16; 2:10, 15, also Luke
12:11; Rom. 8:38; Eph. 3:10; 6:12; Tit. 3:1; cf. Luke 20:20; Jude 6;
1 Cor. 15:24; Eph. 1:21.
4. 1 Cor. 11:3; 15:28: Jesus is still subordinate to God, but as the
Son to the Father; i.e., they are equal in nature, but the Son is
subordinate relationally to God.
5. John 20:17; Rom. 15:6; 1 Cor. 15:24; 2 Cor. 1:3; Rev. 1:6; 3:12:
Jesus calls the Father "My God" because He is still man as well as
God; note the distinction between "My God" and "your God" in
John 20:17 (i.e., Jesus never speaks of "our God" including
Himself with the disciples).
6. Mark 13:32: Jesus' statement that He did not know the time of
His return is to be explained by His voluntary acceptance of the
humble form and likeness of a man (Phil. 2:7); in fact Jesus, as
God, did know all things (John 16:30), and after His resurrection
He does not including Himself as not knowing (Acts 1:6-7).
7. Mark 10:17-18: Jesus does not deny being God, but simply tells
the man that he has no business calling anyone "good" in an
unqualified sense except God.
8. Heb. 5:14: Jesus was tempted, cf. James 1:13; but note that Jesus
could not sin, John 5:19.
9. John 1:18: No one has seen God, but men have seen Jesus, e.g. 1
John 1:1-2; but note that no man can see the glorified Jesus either,
1 Tim. 6:16, and to see Jesus is to see the Father, John 14:9.
10. 1 Tim. 1:17: God cannot die, but Jesus did, e.g. Phil. 2:8; but
note that no one could take Jesus' life from Him, He could not
remain dead, and He raised Himself: John 10:18; Acts 2:24; John
2:19-22.
11. 1 Cor. 8:6: Father called God, Jesus called Lord: but here
"God" and "Lord" are synonymous (cf. v. 5; cf. also Rom. 14:3-12
for a good example of "God" and "Lord" as interchangeable);
moreover, this text no more denies that Jesus is God than it does
that the Father is Lord (Matt. 11:25); cf. Jude 4, where Jesus is the
only Lord.
12. 1 Tim. 2:5: Jesus here supposedly distinct from God; but Jesus
is also distinct from (fallen) men, yet is Himself a man; likewise
Jesus is distinct from God (the Father), but is also God.
13. Deut. 4:12, 15-25; God not appear in a human form to Israel,
above).
3. Rev. 3:14: "Beginning" (archê) in Rev. as a title means source
or one who begins, i.e. Creator (cf. Rev. 1:8; 21:6; 22:13);
elsewhere Christ is called the archê in the sense of "ruler," Col.
1:18, cf. plural archai, "rulers," in Col. 1:16; 2:10, 15, also Luke
12:11; Rom. 8:38; Eph. 3:10; 6:12; Tit. 3:1; cf. Luke 20:20; Jude 6;
1 Cor. 15:24; Eph. 1:21.
4. 1 Cor. 11:3; 15:28: Jesus is still subordinate to God, but as the
Son to the Father; i.e., they are equal in nature, but the Son is
subordinate relationally to God.
5. John 20:17; Rom. 15:6; 1 Cor. 15:24; 2 Cor. 1:3; Rev. 1:6; 3:12:
Jesus calls the Father "My God" because He is still man as well as
God; note the distinction between "My God" and "your God" in
John 20:17 (i.e., Jesus never speaks of "our God" including
Himself with the disciples).
6. Mark 13:32: Jesus' statement that He did not know the time of
His return is to be explained by His voluntary acceptance of the
humble form and likeness of a man (Phil. 2:7); in fact Jesus, as
God, did know all things (John 16:30), and after His resurrection
He does not including Himself as not knowing (Acts 1:6-7).
7. Mark 10:17-18: Jesus does not deny being God, but simply tells
the man that he has no business calling anyone "good" in an
unqualified sense except God.
8. Heb. 5:14: Jesus was tempted, cf. James 1:13; but note that Jesus
could not sin, John 5:19.
9. John 1:18: No one has seen God, but men have seen Jesus, e.g. 1
John 1:1-2; but note that no man can see the glorified Jesus either,
1 Tim. 6:16, and to see Jesus is to see the Father, John 14:9.
10. 1 Tim. 1:17: God cannot die, but Jesus did, e.g. Phil. 2:8; but
note that no one could take Jesus' life from Him, He could not
remain dead, and He raised Himself: John 10:18; Acts 2:24; John
2:19-22.
11. 1 Cor. 8:6: Father called God, Jesus called Lord: but here
"God" and "Lord" are synonymous (cf. v. 5; cf. also Rom. 14:3-12
for a good example of "God" and "Lord" as interchangeable);
moreover, this text no more denies that Jesus is God than it does
that the Father is Lord (Matt. 11:25); cf. Jude 4, where Jesus is the
only Lord.
12. 1 Tim. 2:5: Jesus here supposedly distinct from God; but Jesus
is also distinct from (fallen) men, yet is Himself a man; likewise
Jesus is distinct from God (the Father), but is also God.
13. Deut. 4:12, 15-25; God not appear in a human form to Israel,
lest they fall into idolatry; but this does not rule out His appearing
in human form later after they had learned to abhor idolatry.
14. In many texts Jesus is distinguished from God: He is the Son of
God, was sent by God, etc.; in all these texts "God" is used as a
name for the person most commonly called God, i.e., the Father.
VII. The Holy Spirit Is God
A. Equated with God: Acts 5:3-4; 2 Cor. 3:17-18
B. Has the incommunicable attributes of God
1. Eternal: Heb. 9:14
2. Omnipresent: Psa. 139:7
3. Omniscient: 1 Cor. 2:10-11
C. Involved in all the works of God
1. Creation: Gen. 1:2; Psa. 104:30
2. Incarnation: Matt. 1:18, 20; Luke 1:35
3. Resurrection: Rom. 1:4; 8:11
4. Salvation: Rom. 8:1-27
D. Is a person
1. Has a name: Matt. 28:19; note that even though "name" might
be used of a nonperson, here, in conjunction with the Father and
the Son, it must be used of a person
2. Is the "Helper"
a. Is another Helper: John 14:16, cf. 1 John 2:1;
note also that "Helper" (paraklêtos) was used in
Greek always or almost always of persons.
b. Is sent in Jesus' name, to teach: John 14:26.
c. Will arrive, and then bear witness: John 15:26-27.
d. Is sent by Christ to convict of sin, will speak not
on his own but on behalf of Christ, will glorify
Christ, thus exhibiting humility: John 16:7-14.
3. Is the Holy Spirit, in contrast to unholy spirits: Mark 3:22-30, cf.
Matt. 12:32; 1 Tim. 4:1; 1 John 3:24-4:6.
4. Speaks, is quoted as speaking: John 16:13; Acts 1:16; 8:29;
10:19; 11:12; 13:2; 16:6; 20:23; 21:11: 28:25-27; 1 Tim. 4:1; Heb.
3:7-11; 10:15-17; 1 Pet. 1:11; Rev. 2:7, 11, 17, 29; 3:6, 13,22.
5. Can be lied to: Acts 5:3
6. Can make decisions, judgments: Acts 15:28
7. Intercedes for Christians with the Father: Rom. 8:26
8. "Impersonal" language used of the Spirit paralled by language
used of other persons
a. The Holy Spirit as fire: Matt. 3:11; Luke 3:16; cf.
Ex. 3:2-4; Deut. 4:24; 9:3; Heb. 12:29
in human form later after they had learned to abhor idolatry.
14. In many texts Jesus is distinguished from God: He is the Son of
God, was sent by God, etc.; in all these texts "God" is used as a
name for the person most commonly called God, i.e., the Father.
VII. The Holy Spirit Is God
A. Equated with God: Acts 5:3-4; 2 Cor. 3:17-18
B. Has the incommunicable attributes of God
1. Eternal: Heb. 9:14
2. Omnipresent: Psa. 139:7
3. Omniscient: 1 Cor. 2:10-11
C. Involved in all the works of God
1. Creation: Gen. 1:2; Psa. 104:30
2. Incarnation: Matt. 1:18, 20; Luke 1:35
3. Resurrection: Rom. 1:4; 8:11
4. Salvation: Rom. 8:1-27
D. Is a person
1. Has a name: Matt. 28:19; note that even though "name" might
be used of a nonperson, here, in conjunction with the Father and
the Son, it must be used of a person
2. Is the "Helper"
a. Is another Helper: John 14:16, cf. 1 John 2:1;
note also that "Helper" (paraklêtos) was used in
Greek always or almost always of persons.
b. Is sent in Jesus' name, to teach: John 14:26.
c. Will arrive, and then bear witness: John 15:26-27.
d. Is sent by Christ to convict of sin, will speak not
on his own but on behalf of Christ, will glorify
Christ, thus exhibiting humility: John 16:7-14.
3. Is the Holy Spirit, in contrast to unholy spirits: Mark 3:22-30, cf.
Matt. 12:32; 1 Tim. 4:1; 1 John 3:24-4:6.
4. Speaks, is quoted as speaking: John 16:13; Acts 1:16; 8:29;
10:19; 11:12; 13:2; 16:6; 20:23; 21:11: 28:25-27; 1 Tim. 4:1; Heb.
3:7-11; 10:15-17; 1 Pet. 1:11; Rev. 2:7, 11, 17, 29; 3:6, 13,22.
5. Can be lied to: Acts 5:3
6. Can make decisions, judgments: Acts 15:28
7. Intercedes for Christians with the Father: Rom. 8:26
8. "Impersonal" language used of the Spirit paralled by language
used of other persons
a. The Holy Spirit as fire: Matt. 3:11; Luke 3:16; cf.
Ex. 3:2-4; Deut. 4:24; 9:3; Heb. 12:29
b. The Holy Spirit poured out: Acts 2:17, 33; cf. Isa.
53:12; Phil. 2:17; 2 Tim. 4:6
c. Being filled with the Holy Spirit: Eph. 5:18, etc.;
cf. Eph. 3:17, 19; 14:10
VIII. The Father, Son, and Holy Spirit Are Distinct Persons
A. Matt. 28:19
1. "the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit": use of definite
article before each personal noun indicates distinct persons unless
explicitly stated otherwise; compare Rev. 1:17; 2:8, 26
2. The views that "Father" and "Son" are distinct persons but not
the Holy Spirit, or that the Holy Spirit is not a person at all, or that
all three are different offices or roles of one person, are impossible
in view of the grammar (together with the fact that in Scripture a
"spirit" is a person unless context shows otherwise).
3. Does singular "name" prove that the three are one person? No;
cf. Gen. 5:2; 11:14; 48:6; and esp. 48:16
4. "Name" need not be personal name, may be title: Isa. 9:6; Matt.
1:23. If a single personal name is sought, the name shared by all
three persons is "Yahweh" or "Jehovah."
B. Acts 2:38 and Matt. 28:19
1. Neither passage specifies that certain words are to be spoken
during baptism; nor does the Bible ever record someone saying, "I
baptize you in the name of...."
2. Those said to be baptized in the name of Jesus (whether or not
the formula "in the name of Jesus" was used) were people already
familiar with the God of the OT:
a. Jews: Acts 2:5, 38; 22:16
b. Samaritans: Acts 8:5, 12, 16
c. God-fearing Gentiles: Acts 10:1-2, 22, 48
d. Disciples of John the Baptist: Acts 19:1-5
e. The first Christians in Corinth were Jews and
God-fearing Gentiles: Acts 18:1-8; 1 Cor. 1:13
3. Trinitarian formula for baptism (if that is what Matt. 28:19 is)
was given in context of commissioning apostles to take the gospel
to "all the nations," including people who did not know of the
biblical God
C. God the Father and the Son Jesus Christ are two persons
1. The salutations: Rom. 1:7; 1 Cor. 1:3; 2 Cor. 1:2; Gal. 1:3; Eph.
1:2; 6:23; Phil. 1:2; 1 Thess. 1:1; 2 Thess. 1:1, 2; 1 Tim. 1:1, 2; 2
Tim. 1:2; Tit. 1:4; Phm. 3; James 1:1; 2 Pet. 1:2; 2 John 3
2. Two witnesses: John 5:31-32; 8:16-18; cf. Num. 35:30; Deut.
17:6; 19:15
53:12; Phil. 2:17; 2 Tim. 4:6
c. Being filled with the Holy Spirit: Eph. 5:18, etc.;
cf. Eph. 3:17, 19; 14:10
VIII. The Father, Son, and Holy Spirit Are Distinct Persons
A. Matt. 28:19
1. "the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit": use of definite
article before each personal noun indicates distinct persons unless
explicitly stated otherwise; compare Rev. 1:17; 2:8, 26
2. The views that "Father" and "Son" are distinct persons but not
the Holy Spirit, or that the Holy Spirit is not a person at all, or that
all three are different offices or roles of one person, are impossible
in view of the grammar (together with the fact that in Scripture a
"spirit" is a person unless context shows otherwise).
3. Does singular "name" prove that the three are one person? No;
cf. Gen. 5:2; 11:14; 48:6; and esp. 48:16
4. "Name" need not be personal name, may be title: Isa. 9:6; Matt.
1:23. If a single personal name is sought, the name shared by all
three persons is "Yahweh" or "Jehovah."
B. Acts 2:38 and Matt. 28:19
1. Neither passage specifies that certain words are to be spoken
during baptism; nor does the Bible ever record someone saying, "I
baptize you in the name of...."
2. Those said to be baptized in the name of Jesus (whether or not
the formula "in the name of Jesus" was used) were people already
familiar with the God of the OT:
a. Jews: Acts 2:5, 38; 22:16
b. Samaritans: Acts 8:5, 12, 16
c. God-fearing Gentiles: Acts 10:1-2, 22, 48
d. Disciples of John the Baptist: Acts 19:1-5
e. The first Christians in Corinth were Jews and
God-fearing Gentiles: Acts 18:1-8; 1 Cor. 1:13
3. Trinitarian formula for baptism (if that is what Matt. 28:19 is)
was given in context of commissioning apostles to take the gospel
to "all the nations," including people who did not know of the
biblical God
C. God the Father and the Son Jesus Christ are two persons
1. The salutations: Rom. 1:7; 1 Cor. 1:3; 2 Cor. 1:2; Gal. 1:3; Eph.
1:2; 6:23; Phil. 1:2; 1 Thess. 1:1; 2 Thess. 1:1, 2; 1 Tim. 1:1, 2; 2
Tim. 1:2; Tit. 1:4; Phm. 3; James 1:1; 2 Pet. 1:2; 2 John 3
2. Two witnesses: John 5:31-32; 8:16-18; cf. Num. 35:30; Deut.
17:6; 19:15
3. The Father sent the Son: John 3:16-17; Gal. 4:4; 1 John 4:10;
etc.; cf. John 1:6; 17:18; 20:21
4. The Father and the Son love each other: John 3:35; 5:20; 14:31;
15:9; 17-23-26; cf. Matt. 3:17 par.; 17:5 par.; 2 Pet. 1:17
5. The Father speaks to the Son, and the Son speaks to the Father:
John 11:41-42; 12:28; 17:1-26; etc.
6. The Father knows the Son, and the Son knows the Father: Matt.
11:27; Luke 10:22; John 7:29; 8:55; 10:15
7. Jesus our Advocate with the Father: 1 John 2:1
D. Jesus is not God the Father
1. Isa. 9:6: "Father of eternity" means eternal; compare other
names formed with word "father": Abialbon, "father of strength" =
strong (2 Sam. 23:31); Abiasaph, "father of gathering" = gatherer
(Ex. 6:24); Abigail, a woman's name(!), "father of exultation" =
exulting (1 Chron. 2:16).
2. John 10:30
a. Jesus did not say, "I am the Father," nor did He
say, "the Son and the Father are one person."
b. The first person plural esmen ("we are") implies
two persons.
c. The neuter word for "one" (hen) is used, implying
essential unity but not personal unity (compare John
17:21-23).
3. John 5:43: Jesus' coming in His Father's name means not that He
was the Father because He had the Father's name, but that, while
others come in their own name (or their own authority), Jesus does
not; He comes in His Father's name (on His Father's authority).
4. John 8:19; 16:3: Ignorance of Jesus is indeed ignorance of the
Father, but that does not prove that Jesus is the one He calls "My
Father."
5. John 14:6-11
a. Jesus and the Father are one being, not one
person.
b. Jesus said, "I am in the Father," not "I am the
Father."
c. The statement, "the Father is in Me," does not
mean Jesus is the Father; compare John 14:20;
17:21-23.
6. John 14:18: An older adult brother can care for his younger
siblings, thus preventing them from being "orphans," without being
their father.
7. Colossians 2:9: Does not mean that Jesus is the Father, or that
Jesus is an incarnation of the Father; rather, since "Godhead"
(theotês) means Deity, the state of being God, the nature of God,
Jesus is fully God, but not the only person who is God. "The
Godhead" here does not = the Father (note that Jesus is in the
Father, John 10:38; 14:10, 11; 17:21), but the nature of the Father.
8. The Father and the Son are both involved in various activities:
raising Jesus (Gal. 1:1; John 2:19-22), raising the dead (John 5:21);
6:39-40, 44, 54, 1 Cor. 6:14), answering prayer (John 14:13-14;
15:16; 16:23), sending the Holy Spirit (John 14:16; 15:26; 16:7),
drawing people to Jesus (John 6:44; 12:32), etc. These common
works do prove that the two persons are both God, but not that
Jesus is the Father
etc.; cf. John 1:6; 17:18; 20:21
4. The Father and the Son love each other: John 3:35; 5:20; 14:31;
15:9; 17-23-26; cf. Matt. 3:17 par.; 17:5 par.; 2 Pet. 1:17
5. The Father speaks to the Son, and the Son speaks to the Father:
John 11:41-42; 12:28; 17:1-26; etc.
6. The Father knows the Son, and the Son knows the Father: Matt.
11:27; Luke 10:22; John 7:29; 8:55; 10:15
7. Jesus our Advocate with the Father: 1 John 2:1
D. Jesus is not God the Father
1. Isa. 9:6: "Father of eternity" means eternal; compare other
names formed with word "father": Abialbon, "father of strength" =
strong (2 Sam. 23:31); Abiasaph, "father of gathering" = gatherer
(Ex. 6:24); Abigail, a woman's name(!), "father of exultation" =
exulting (1 Chron. 2:16).
2. John 10:30
a. Jesus did not say, "I am the Father," nor did He
say, "the Son and the Father are one person."
b. The first person plural esmen ("we are") implies
two persons.
c. The neuter word for "one" (hen) is used, implying
essential unity but not personal unity (compare John
17:21-23).
3. John 5:43: Jesus' coming in His Father's name means not that He
was the Father because He had the Father's name, but that, while
others come in their own name (or their own authority), Jesus does
not; He comes in His Father's name (on His Father's authority).
4. John 8:19; 16:3: Ignorance of Jesus is indeed ignorance of the
Father, but that does not prove that Jesus is the one He calls "My
Father."
5. John 14:6-11
a. Jesus and the Father are one being, not one
person.
b. Jesus said, "I am in the Father," not "I am the
Father."
c. The statement, "the Father is in Me," does not
mean Jesus is the Father; compare John 14:20;
17:21-23.
6. John 14:18: An older adult brother can care for his younger
siblings, thus preventing them from being "orphans," without being
their father.
7. Colossians 2:9: Does not mean that Jesus is the Father, or that
Jesus is an incarnation of the Father; rather, since "Godhead"
(theotês) means Deity, the state of being God, the nature of God,
Jesus is fully God, but not the only person who is God. "The
Godhead" here does not = the Father (note that Jesus is in the
Father, John 10:38; 14:10, 11; 17:21), but the nature of the Father.
8. The Father and the Son are both involved in various activities:
raising Jesus (Gal. 1:1; John 2:19-22), raising the dead (John 5:21);
6:39-40, 44, 54, 1 Cor. 6:14), answering prayer (John 14:13-14;
15:16; 16:23), sending the Holy Spirit (John 14:16; 15:26; 16:7),
drawing people to Jesus (John 6:44; 12:32), etc. These common
works do prove that the two persons are both God, but not that
Jesus is the Father
E. The Son existed before his Incarnation, even before creation
1. Prov. 30:4: This is not predictive prophecy; "prophecy" in 30:1
translates massa, which is rendered elsewhere as "burden."
2. The Son created all things: See VI.E.1
3. Jesus was "with" (pros or para) God the Father before creation:
John 1:1; 17:5; pros in John 1:1 does not mean "pertaining to,"
although it does in Hebrews 2:17; 5:1 (which use pros with ta).
4. Jesus, the Son of God, existed before John the Baptist (who was
born before Jesus): John 1:15, cf. 1:14-18, 29-34
5. Jesus, the Son, came down from heaven, sent from the Father,
and went back to heaven, back to the Father: John 3:13, 31; 6:33;
38, 41, 46, 51, 56-58, 62; 8:23, 42; 13:3; 16:27-28; cf. Acts 1:10-
11; cf. the sending of the Holy Spirit, John 16:5-7; 1 Pet. 1:12
6. Jesus, speaking as the Son (John 8:54-56), asserts His eternal
preexistence before Abraham: John 8:58
7. The Son explicitly said to exist "before all things": Col. 1:17, cf.
1:12-20
8. These statements cannot be dismissed as true only in God's
foreknowledge
a. We are all "in God's mind" before creation; yet
such passages as John 1:1 and John 17:5 clearly
mean to say something unusual about Christ.
b. To say that all things were created through
Christ means that He must have existed at creation.
c. No one else in Scripture is ever said to have been
with God before creation.
9. Texts which speak of the Son being begotten "today" do not
mean He became the Son on a certain day, since they refer to His
exaltation at the resurrection (Acts 13:33; Heb. 1:3-5; 5:5; cf. Psa.
2:7; cf. also Rom. 1:4).
F. Jesus is not the Holy Spirit
1. The Holy Spirit is "another Comforter": John 14:16; compare 1
John 2:1.
2. Jesus sent the Holy Spirit: John 15:26; 16:7.
3. The Holy Spirit exhibits humility in relation to, and seeks to
glorify, Jesus (John 16:13-14).
4. The Son and the Holy Spirit are distinguished as two persons in
Matt. 28:19.
5. The Holy Spirit descended upon Jesus: Luke 3:22.
6. Is Jesus the Holy Spirit?
a. 2 Cor. 3:17: the Spirit is here called "Lord" in the
sense of being Yahweh or God, not Jesus (cf. v. 16,
citing Ex. 34:34; cf. v. 17 in the Revised English
Bible); note Acts 28:25-27, cf. Isa. 6:8-10.
b. 1 Cor. 15:45: Jesus is "a life-giving Spirit," not in
the sense that He is the Holy Spirit whom He sent at
Pentecost, but in the sense that He is the glorified
God-man; and as God He is Spirit by nature. All
three persons of the Trinity are Spirit, though there
are not three divine Spirits; and only one person is
designated "the Holy Spirit."
1. Prov. 30:4: This is not predictive prophecy; "prophecy" in 30:1
translates massa, which is rendered elsewhere as "burden."
2. The Son created all things: See VI.E.1
3. Jesus was "with" (pros or para) God the Father before creation:
John 1:1; 17:5; pros in John 1:1 does not mean "pertaining to,"
although it does in Hebrews 2:17; 5:1 (which use pros with ta).
4. Jesus, the Son of God, existed before John the Baptist (who was
born before Jesus): John 1:15, cf. 1:14-18, 29-34
5. Jesus, the Son, came down from heaven, sent from the Father,
and went back to heaven, back to the Father: John 3:13, 31; 6:33;
38, 41, 46, 51, 56-58, 62; 8:23, 42; 13:3; 16:27-28; cf. Acts 1:10-
11; cf. the sending of the Holy Spirit, John 16:5-7; 1 Pet. 1:12
6. Jesus, speaking as the Son (John 8:54-56), asserts His eternal
preexistence before Abraham: John 8:58
7. The Son explicitly said to exist "before all things": Col. 1:17, cf.
1:12-20
8. These statements cannot be dismissed as true only in God's
foreknowledge
a. We are all "in God's mind" before creation; yet
such passages as John 1:1 and John 17:5 clearly
mean to say something unusual about Christ.
b. To say that all things were created through
Christ means that He must have existed at creation.
c. No one else in Scripture is ever said to have been
with God before creation.
9. Texts which speak of the Son being begotten "today" do not
mean He became the Son on a certain day, since they refer to His
exaltation at the resurrection (Acts 13:33; Heb. 1:3-5; 5:5; cf. Psa.
2:7; cf. also Rom. 1:4).
F. Jesus is not the Holy Spirit
1. The Holy Spirit is "another Comforter": John 14:16; compare 1
John 2:1.
2. Jesus sent the Holy Spirit: John 15:26; 16:7.
3. The Holy Spirit exhibits humility in relation to, and seeks to
glorify, Jesus (John 16:13-14).
4. The Son and the Holy Spirit are distinguished as two persons in
Matt. 28:19.
5. The Holy Spirit descended upon Jesus: Luke 3:22.
6. Is Jesus the Holy Spirit?
a. 2 Cor. 3:17: the Spirit is here called "Lord" in the
sense of being Yahweh or God, not Jesus (cf. v. 16,
citing Ex. 34:34; cf. v. 17 in the Revised English
Bible); note Acts 28:25-27, cf. Isa. 6:8-10.
b. 1 Cor. 15:45: Jesus is "a life-giving Spirit," not in
the sense that He is the Holy Spirit whom He sent at
Pentecost, but in the sense that He is the glorified
God-man; and as God He is Spirit by nature. All
three persons of the Trinity are Spirit, though there
are not three divine Spirits; and only one person is
designated "the Holy Spirit."
c. Rom. 8:27, 34: the fact that two persons intercede
for us is consistent with the fact that we have two
Advocates (John 14:16; Rom. 8:26; 1 John 2:1).
d. John 14:18: Jesus here refers to His appearances
to the disciples after the resurrection (compare
14:19), not to the coming of the Spirit.
e. Jesus and the Holy Spirit are both involved in
various activities: raising Jesus (John 2:19-19-22);
Rom. 8:9-11), raising the dead (John 5:21; 6:39-40,
44, 54, Rom. 8:9-11), dwelling in the believer (John
14:16; 2 Cor. 13:5; Col. 1:27), interceding for the
believer (Rom. 8:26; Heb. 7:25), sanctifying
believers (Eph. 5:26; 1 Pet. 1:2), etc. These works
prove that the two persons are both God, but not
that Jesus is the Holy Spirit.
G. The Father is not the Holy Spirit
1. The Father sent the Holy Spirit: John 14:15; 15:26.
2. The Holy Spirit intercedes with the Father for us: Rom. 8:26-27.
3. The Father and the Holy Spirit are distinguished as two persons
in Matt. 28:19.
4. Is the Father the Holy Spirit?
a. Matt. 1:18; Luke 1:35: It is argued that the Holy
Spirit is the Father of the incarnate Son of God; this
argument ignores the fact that the "conception" is
not a product of physical union between a man and
a woman!
b. The Father and the Holy Spirit are both said to be
active in various activities; the resurrection of Jesus
(Gal. 1:1; Rom. 8:11), comforting Christians (2 Cor.
1:3-4; John 14:26), sanctifying Christians (Jude 1; 1
Pet. 1:2), etc. The most these facts prove is that the
two work together; they do not prove the two are
one person.
IX. Conclusion: The Bible teaches the Trinity
A. All the elements of the doctrine are taught in Scripture.
1. One God
2. The Father is God.
3. The Son is God.
4. The Holy Spirit is God.
5. The Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are three persons (i.e., they are
not each other, nor are they impersonal; they relate to one another
personally).
B. The New Testament presents a consistent triad of Father, Son, Holy Spirit
(God, Christ, Spirit): Matt. 28:19; 2 Cor. 13:34; also Luke 1:35; 3:21-22 par.;
4:1-12; John 4:10-25; 7:37-39; 14-16; 20:21-22; Acts 1:4-8; 2:33, 38-39; 5:3-4, 9,
30-32; 7:55-56; 10:36-38, 44-48; 11:15-18; 15:8-11; 20:38; 28:25-31; Rom. 1:1-
4; 5:5-10; 8:2-4, 9-11, 14-17; 1 Cor. 6:11; 12:4-6, 11-12, 18; 2 Cor. 1:19-22; 3:6-
8, 14-18; Gal. 3:8-14; 4:4-7; Eph. 1:3-17; 2:18, 21-22; 3:14-19; 4:4-6, 29-32;
5:18-20; Phil. 3:3; 1 Thess. 1:3-6; 2 Thess. 2:13-14; Tit. 3:4-6; Heb. 2:3-4; 9:14;
10:28-31; 1 Pet. 1:2; 1 John 3:21-24; 4:13-14; Jude 20-21; Rev. 2:18, 27-29.
for us is consistent with the fact that we have two
Advocates (John 14:16; Rom. 8:26; 1 John 2:1).
d. John 14:18: Jesus here refers to His appearances
to the disciples after the resurrection (compare
14:19), not to the coming of the Spirit.
e. Jesus and the Holy Spirit are both involved in
various activities: raising Jesus (John 2:19-19-22);
Rom. 8:9-11), raising the dead (John 5:21; 6:39-40,
44, 54, Rom. 8:9-11), dwelling in the believer (John
14:16; 2 Cor. 13:5; Col. 1:27), interceding for the
believer (Rom. 8:26; Heb. 7:25), sanctifying
believers (Eph. 5:26; 1 Pet. 1:2), etc. These works
prove that the two persons are both God, but not
that Jesus is the Holy Spirit.
G. The Father is not the Holy Spirit
1. The Father sent the Holy Spirit: John 14:15; 15:26.
2. The Holy Spirit intercedes with the Father for us: Rom. 8:26-27.
3. The Father and the Holy Spirit are distinguished as two persons
in Matt. 28:19.
4. Is the Father the Holy Spirit?
a. Matt. 1:18; Luke 1:35: It is argued that the Holy
Spirit is the Father of the incarnate Son of God; this
argument ignores the fact that the "conception" is
not a product of physical union between a man and
a woman!
b. The Father and the Holy Spirit are both said to be
active in various activities; the resurrection of Jesus
(Gal. 1:1; Rom. 8:11), comforting Christians (2 Cor.
1:3-4; John 14:26), sanctifying Christians (Jude 1; 1
Pet. 1:2), etc. The most these facts prove is that the
two work together; they do not prove the two are
one person.
IX. Conclusion: The Bible teaches the Trinity
A. All the elements of the doctrine are taught in Scripture.
1. One God
2. The Father is God.
3. The Son is God.
4. The Holy Spirit is God.
5. The Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are three persons (i.e., they are
not each other, nor are they impersonal; they relate to one another
personally).
B. The New Testament presents a consistent triad of Father, Son, Holy Spirit
(God, Christ, Spirit): Matt. 28:19; 2 Cor. 13:34; also Luke 1:35; 3:21-22 par.;
4:1-12; John 4:10-25; 7:37-39; 14-16; 20:21-22; Acts 1:4-8; 2:33, 38-39; 5:3-4, 9,
30-32; 7:55-56; 10:36-38, 44-48; 11:15-18; 15:8-11; 20:38; 28:25-31; Rom. 1:1-
4; 5:5-10; 8:2-4, 9-11, 14-17; 1 Cor. 6:11; 12:4-6, 11-12, 18; 2 Cor. 1:19-22; 3:6-
8, 14-18; Gal. 3:8-14; 4:4-7; Eph. 1:3-17; 2:18, 21-22; 3:14-19; 4:4-6, 29-32;
5:18-20; Phil. 3:3; 1 Thess. 1:3-6; 2 Thess. 2:13-14; Tit. 3:4-6; Heb. 2:3-4; 9:14;
10:28-31; 1 Pet. 1:2; 1 John 3:21-24; 4:13-14; Jude 20-21; Rev. 2:18, 27-29.
C. Therefore, the Bible does teach the Trinity.
X. What Difference Does the Doctrine of the Trinity Make?
A. Sovereignty: Because the three persons have each other, we can be assured that
God created us only to share the love they have and not as a means to His own
end: Acts 17:25; John 17:21-26.
B. Mystery: The triune God is totally unlike anything in our world, and therefore
greater than anything we can comprehend: Rom. 11:33-36; Isa. 40:18.
C. Salvation: God alone planned our salvation, came to save us, and dwells in us
to complete our salvation: 1 Pet. 1:2; Eph. 1:3-18; etc.
D. Prayer: We pray to the Father through the Son, and also pray to the Son
directly, in the Spirit: John 14:13-14; Eph. 2:18; etc.
E. Worship: We worship Father and Son in the Spirit: John 4:23-24; Phil. 3:3;
Heb. 1:8; etc.
F. Love: The love among the three persons is the basis and model for our love for
one another: John 17:26.
G. Unity: The unity of the three persons is the basis and model for the unity of the
church: John 17:21-23.
H. Humility: As the persons of the Trinity seek the glory of each other, so we
should seek the interests of others above our own: Phil. 2:5-11; John 16:13-14.
I. Sonship: We are "sons of God" as we are united with the Son of God by the
work of the Holy Spirit and the adoption of the Father: John 1:12-23; Rom. 8:14-
17.
J. Truth: All those who wish to worship and love God must seek to know Him as
He is in truth, for God, as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, is truth: John 4:24; 14:6,
17; 15:26; 16:13.
X. What Difference Does the Doctrine of the Trinity Make?
A. Sovereignty: Because the three persons have each other, we can be assured that
God created us only to share the love they have and not as a means to His own
end: Acts 17:25; John 17:21-26.
B. Mystery: The triune God is totally unlike anything in our world, and therefore
greater than anything we can comprehend: Rom. 11:33-36; Isa. 40:18.
C. Salvation: God alone planned our salvation, came to save us, and dwells in us
to complete our salvation: 1 Pet. 1:2; Eph. 1:3-18; etc.
D. Prayer: We pray to the Father through the Son, and also pray to the Son
directly, in the Spirit: John 14:13-14; Eph. 2:18; etc.
E. Worship: We worship Father and Son in the Spirit: John 4:23-24; Phil. 3:3;
Heb. 1:8; etc.
F. Love: The love among the three persons is the basis and model for our love for
one another: John 17:26.
G. Unity: The unity of the three persons is the basis and model for the unity of the
church: John 17:21-23.
H. Humility: As the persons of the Trinity seek the glory of each other, so we
should seek the interests of others above our own: Phil. 2:5-11; John 16:13-14.
I. Sonship: We are "sons of God" as we are united with the Son of God by the
work of the Holy Spirit and the adoption of the Father: John 1:12-23; Rom. 8:14-
17.
J. Truth: All those who wish to worship and love God must seek to know Him as
He is in truth, for God, as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, is truth: John 4:24; 14:6,
17; 15:26; 16:13.
There's so much of the Catholic thinking in our culture. For hundreds and hundreds even more than a thousand years there was only one religion. Them or you were tortured or killed.
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