Our consciousness will live on in spiritual form, when the body dies, and our consciousness is what we are at our core. Where our consciousness goes, that is where we are.
This phenomenon you call consciousness is the soul. Prior to the Cross this consciousness had form, and experienced Abraham's bosom, instead of the torments of sheol. That is the soul.
The soul is given a physical body at conception. The soul also starts at conception. The spirit begins at conception, but resides in heaven with God. You are formed as a son of God at conception, but only live in Adam's dead state until the day of redemption, when Adam's physical body dies. The Holy Spirit is also given at conception as God's working on your behalf. But that seed of the Holy Spirit is not always heard until much later in life, or sometimes not at all. John the Baptist was chosen by God in the womb, and the Holy Spirit was already fully working in the womb and John was aware of that work even in the womb.
To state that we have to receive the Holy Spirit as if the Holy Spirit is not already working since conception, is a wrong understanding of the Day of Pentecost. That was a physical manifestation. The work of the Holy Spirit is spiritual inside a person's soul, ie consciousness, mind, and heart. When the soul submits to the Holy Spirit, is what is called the second birth into God's family, and is spiritual. Our spirit does not reside in a body. That is how the Holy Spirit works, or a spirit was sent in the OT like to Saul or those prophets in 1 Kings 22. Or the worse effect by a spirit being demonic possession, where a person invites the spiritual into their soul. That is why the occult is banned. God does not want humans to experience the spiritual side of creation, outside of the Holy Spirit working in humanity.
This spiritual body in 2 Corinthians 5 or other chapters explained by Paul is not the difference between physical and spiritual. It is the difference between carnal and "of God". Spiritual is being like God. But God also became like physical humanity in the form of Jesus Christ. That is why Paul stated this as corruption and incorruption, and death and life. Paul never pitted the physical against the spiritual.
In John 3, Jesus did not pit the physical against the spiritual. Jesus said you had to have both the physical and spiritual to be complete, not one or the other.
Since Adam disobeyed God, his soul left a permanent incorruptible physical body, and was placed in a temporal corruptible physical body. That was the death he experienced, and he was stripped of the spirit which was put on over the physical body. They had no need for physical clothing, because they were covered by the spirit which was light. God is manifested in the physical as light. 1 John 1:5
"This then is the message which we have heard of him, and declare unto you, that God is light, and in him is no darkness at all."
Revelation 21:23-24
"And the city had no need of the sun, neither of the moon, to shine in it: for the glory of God did lighten it, and the Lamb is the light thereof. And the nations of them which are saved shall walk in the light of it: and the kings of the earth do bring their glory and honour into it."
Matthew 17:2
"And was transfigured before them: and his face did shine as the sun, and his raiment was white as the light."
John calls it putting on the "robe of white". Paul calls it death putting on life. Putting on the spirit is being glorified. Daniel 12:3
"And they that be wise shall shine as the brightness of the firmament; and they that turn many to righteousness as the stars for ever and ever."
Matthew 13:43
"Then shall the righteous shine forth as the sun in the kingdom of their Father. Who hath ears to hear, let him hear."
The spirit put on is what makes us physically shine as a bright light. So there is not a contrast between physical and spiritual. They both together make us a whole being. Apart they place us in a state of death.
Dust is just a way for all humanity to understand the atomic building blocks of creation. Those building blocks are not one thing in heaven and another thing on earth. Dust is referring to the entire creation as the structure that holds everything together. When this body of death dissolves it no longer has a noticeable form, but the structure of the individual atoms does not cease to exist.
The dead will continue to wait as souls until the very end when they stand before God. But the redeemed have been physically enjoying Paradise with a permanent incorruptible physical body since the Cross.
"For we know that if our earthly house of this tabernacle were dissolved, we have a building of God, an house not made with hands, eternal in the heavens."
Seems some of God's redeemed don't know this fact, that Paul said all in Christ should know. They are still arguing over the words of Solomon, who wrote stuff after being married to a thousand wives and concubines.
"The words of the Preacher, the son of David, king in Jerusalem. Vanity of vanities, saith the Preacher, vanity of vanities; all is vanity....And I gave my heart to know wisdom, and to know madness and folly: I perceived that this also is vexation of spirit. For in much wisdom is much grief: and he that increaseth knowledge increaseth sorrow."