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John 1:1c - English translations: "The Word was God [or '
a god']."
-- NT Greek:
θεὸς ἦν ὁ λόγος
---------------"god was the word."
The NT Greek word for "God" and "god" is
theos (θεὸς). In the writings of all the Gospel writers (including
John), when an unmodified
theos (the form used for
subjects and
predicate nouns) is accompanied by the article, "the"
(ὁ [pronounced
ho] in Greek), and has no added phrases (e.g., "the god
of this world"), then it always refers to the only true God. - (See my DEF study for a list of all uses of
theos in John and the other Gospels.)
But Jn 1:1c has an unmodified "theo
s" (nominative case)
without the article. Therefore, even a few trinitarian scholars feel forced to admit that this passage may be literally translated as "the Word was
a god"! This includes W. E. Vine
(An Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words); Dr. C. H. Dodd (director of the
New English Bible project); Murray J. Harris
(Jesus as God); Dr. Robert Young
(Young's Concise Critical Bible Commentary); Rev. J. W. Wenham,
The Elements of New Testament Greek. Of course, being trinitarians, they often insist that the correct
interpretation of such a literal translation must be, somehow, trinitarian.
The usual trinitarian interpretation for John 1:1c ("the Word was
God") is based on the fact that an unmodified
theos is used as a predicate noun (predicate nominative) without a definite article (anarthrous) and comes
before the verb in the original New Testament (NT) Greek. When you find an anarthrous predicate noun in that position, some trinitarians will say, it is to be interpreted differently ("qualitative" or "definite": i.e., as though it actually had the definite article with it) from a predicate noun which normally comes
after the verb.
But when they present examples to prove this opinion, they invariably have to use improper examples. Some (as in this discussion) even attempt to use the other cases for the Greek words meaning ‘God.’ These include the accusative case (
theon), the genitive case (
theou), the dative case (
theo), and the vocative (
thee). These vary in their clear use and non-use of the definite article, but none are as certain as the nominative case (
theos in John 1:1c)
Some other reasons for eliminating examples
supposed to be parallel to John 1:1c include: using nominative nouns which are
non-count nouns; nominative nouns which are part of
prepositional phrases (‘man
of God,’ ‘wife
of him,’ etc.) personal names; abstract nouns.
So when you eliminate such improper examples which are not parallel to John 1:1c anyway, you will find that the examples remaining (nearly 20 in all the writings of John) are translated into English with an indefinite article (“
a king”; “
a prophet”; “
a man”; etc.)
So, just as in all the proper examples, John 1:1c should read "
a god."
(From the RDB Files) John 1:1 Primer For Grammatical Rules " Proving " the Trinity John 1:1c - English translation: "The Word wa...
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