Did the church replace Israel?
That depends on what you believe “the church “ to be....
Are we talking about “replacement theology” here?
What was Israel promised?
Exodus 19:3-6....
“Then Moses went up to the true God, and Jehovah called to him from the mountain, saying: “This is what you are to say to the house of Jacob and to tell the Israelites, 4 ‘You have seen for yourselves what I did to the Egyptians, in order to carry you on wings of eagles and bring you to myself. 5 Now if you will strictly obey my voice and keep my covenant, you will certainly become my special property out of all peoples, for the whole earth belongs to me. 6 You will become to me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation.’”
That was the promise.....but it was conditional....”if you will strictly obey my voice and keep my covenant, you will certainly become my special property out of all peoples.”
So two words stand out in that declaration....“IF” and “STRICTLY”....Israel did not obey the voice of their God and neither did they keep to the strict terms of their covenant, which was a legally binding agreement.
When Jesus came, he knew exactly what kind of track record the religious leaders in Israel had with their obedience to God’s commands....it was appalling!
So in their hearing he spoke in parables, one of
“The stone that the builders rejected has become the cornerstone; this was the Lord's doing, and it is marvelous in our eyes’? Therefore I tell you, the kingdom of God will be taken away from you and given to a people producing its fruits. . . . .When the chief priests and the Pharisees heard his parables, they perceived that he was speaking about them.” (Matt 21:42, 43, 45 ESV)
So Israel lost its place in the Kingdom, and God chose a new “Israel” who would produce the right fruits.
So, Jesus answers your question....with a resounding YES!
Paul identifies who “spiritual” rather than “fleshly” Israel, became....
“For neither circumcision counts for anything, nor uncircumcision, but a new creation. And as for all who walk by this rule, peace and mercy be upon them, and upon the Israel of God.” (Gal 6:15-16 ESV)
“For no one is a Jew who is merely one outwardly, nor is circumcision outward and physical. But a Jew is one inwardly, and circumcision is a matter of the heart, by the Spirit, not by the letter. His praise is not from man but from God.” (Rom 2:28-29 ESV)
Spiritual Israel was chosen as God’s holy nation, made up of both Jewish and gentile Christians....with a circumcision of the heart by God’s spirit.