No, Jesus did not appoint Peter in charge. That he was a leader and one of the inner circle which consisted of Peter, James, and John, yes. That he was appointed as a leader or the rock that the Church is built on, no.
And yet when James died there was no successor? (Acts 12:2)
Stranger
Matt. 16:18 – in quoting “on this rock,” the Scriptures use the Greek construction “tautee tee” which means on “this” rock; on “this same” rock; or on “this very” rock. “Tautee tee” is a demonstrative construction in Greek, pointing to Peter, the subject of the sentence (and not his confession of faith as some non-Catholics argue) as the very rock on which Jesus builds His Church. The demonstrative (“tautee”) generally refers to its closest antecedent (“Petros”).
Also, there is no place in Scripture where “faith” is equated with “rock.”
Matt. 16:18-19 – in addition, to argue that Jesus first blesses Peter for having received divine revelation from the Father,
then diminishes him by calling him a small pebble,
and then builds him up again by giving him the keys to the kingdom of heaven
is entirely illogical, and a gross manipulation of the text to avoid the truth of Peter’s leadership in the Church.
This is a three-fold blessing of Peter –
1) you are blessed,
2) you are the rock on which I will build my Church, and
3) you will receive the keys to the kingdom of heaven (not you are blessed for receiving Revelation, but you are still an insignificant little pebble, and yet I am going to give you the keys to the kingdom).
Peter is the Rock that Jesus builds His Church on, nobody said Peter builds anything.
Jesus and Paul refer to Peter as Rock in the Aramaic, translated to Greek to Latin to English.
Here are over 70 NT citations, followed by a brief exegesis, indicating Peter's primacy.
Given all the biblical data for the doctrine of the papacy, and the unanimous testimony of centuries of Early Church Father's writings, and the witness of history, I have to conclude that the denial of the doctrine of the papacy is a tradition of men. The papacy developed, just as the Bible developed. A seedling from an acorn is not a fully developed oak tree. The office of Peter has the same essential elements as the office of Pope Francis.
And yet when James died there was no successor? (Acts 12:2)
St. Symeon , who was the Bishop of Jerusalem during the rule of Trianon (98-117), succeeded James.
Saint Symeon was succeeded by Justus 1 st (107-111).
The last NT book was written before this time, which explains why these events are not recorded in Scripture.
It was after the death of James that centrality shifted from Jerusalem to Rome where Peter and Paul were martyred. (in the presence of that obelisk that was moved to St. Peter's Square).