What are these passages telling us? What does "death" mean in the Bible?
DEATH. A term that, in its application to the lower orders of living things, as animals
and plants, denotes the extinction of vital functions, so that their renewal is
impossible. With reference to human beings the term is variously defined according to
the view held of human nature and life. The answer to the question, What is death?
depends upon the answer given in the first place to the question, What is man?
Scripture Doctrine. The general teaching of the Scriptures is that man is not only
a physical but also a spiritual being; accordingly, death is not the end of human
existence,
but a change of place or conditions in which conscious existence continues.
(1) The doctrine of the future life is less emphatically taught in the OT than in the NT.
The OT Scriptures, however, frequently refer to death in terms harmonious with that
doctrine (Eccles. 12:7; 2 Sam. 12:23; Ps. 73:24; Job 14:14; Isa. 28:12). (2) In the NT
this dark subject receives special illumination. In many cases essentially the same
forms of representation are employed.
Death is “a departure,” a “being absent from
MT Masoretic Text
H.F.V. Howard F. Vos
the body,” an “unclothing,” a “sleep,” but with all is the clear and strong
announcement that Christ “brought life and immortality to light through the gospel”
(2 Cor. 5:1–4; John 11:13; 2 Tim. 1:10; 4:6–7; etc.). (3) Death as a human experience,
according to the Scriptures, is the result and punishment of sin. “The wages of sin is
death.” And though the word is often used in a spiritual sense to denote the ruin
wrought in man’s spiritual nature by sin, yet in the ordinary physical sense of the
word, death is declared to have come upon the human race in consequence of sin. No
such declaration is made as to the death of lower creatures (Gen. 2:17; 3:19; Rom.
5:12; 6:23; James 1:15). (4) A principal part of Christ’s redemptive work is the
abolishment of death. This is seen in part in man’s present state, in the salvation that
Christ effects from sin, which is “the sting of death,” and in the taking away of the
fear of death from true believers. The complete work of Christ in this respect will
appear in the resurrection (2 Tim. 1:10; 1 Cor. 15:22, 56–57; Heb. 2:14–15).
Man and Lower Creatures.
The Scriptures make a deep distinction between the
death of human beings and that of irrational creatures. For the latter it is the natural
end of the existence; for the former it is an unnatural experience to which they are
reduced because of sin, which is also unnatural. Man was not created to die.
The Scriptures nowhere affirm that death did not prevail over the lower creatures
before the Fall of man. Thus upon this point there is no conflict between the
Scriptures and geology.
It does not follow, because man was created immortal, that his permanent abiding
place was to be this world. The OT Scriptures give two examples of men, Enoch and
Elijah, who passed into the other world but “did not see death.” (See Martensen’s
Christ. Dogm., Watson’s Institutes, Pope’s Compend. Christ. Theol., Laidlaw’s Bible
Doctrine Concerning Man.) E.MCC.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: L. A. Muirhead, The Terms Life and Death in the Old and New
Testament (1908); R. A. S. Macalister, The Philistines: Their History and Civilization
(1914); W. M. F. Petrie, Social Life in Ancient Egypt (1932); L. L. Morris, The Wages
of Sin (1955); G. Murray, Five Stages of Greek Religion (1955); L. Boettner,
Immortality (1958); T. C. Vriezen, Outline of Old Testament Theology (1958); R.
Summers, The Life Beyond (1959); R. Martin-Achard, From Death to Life: A Study of
the Development of the Doctrine of the Resurrection in the Old Testament (1960); L.
L. Morris, The Biblical Doctrine of Judgement (1960); A. H. Gardiner, Egypt of the
Pharaohs (1961); S. N. Kramer, The Sumerians: Their History, Culture and
Character (1963); R. H. Barrow, The Romans (1964); R. H. Charles, Eschatology:
Hebrew, Jewish, and Christian (1964); H. D. F. Kitto, The Greeks (1964); G. L.
Dickinson, The Greek View of Life (1966); J. Carcopino, Daily Life in Ancient Rome
(1966); J. A. Motyer, After Death: A Sure and Certain Hope? (1966); H. Thielicke,
Death and Life (1970).
From a philosophical angle--