The Law not only exposed Israel's short-comings, but it also disqualified them, in their record of sin, from receiving Eternal Life. The Law gave Israel Righteousness--however, this Righteousness, based on the record of Sinful Men, could not achieve Eternal Life.
PAUL'S VIEWS OF THE MOSAIC LAW
Paul follows Jesus' understanding of the relationship between the Old Covenant and His New Covenant This is clearly seen in
Matthew 5:17-19, affirmation of the inspiration and eternality of OT revelation.
Matthew 5:21-48, affirmation of the superiority of Jesus' words as ultimate revelation from YHWH. He clarifies and reinterprets both
the law of Moses, vv. 31-32
the Oral Traditions of the Jews
He also intensifies the prohibitions from the act to the thought
The Mosaic Law is good and is from God (cf. Matt. 5:17-19; Rom. 7:12,16). Galatians 3 is a major NT text on how the OT functions in the New Age.
It is not the way to righteousness and acceptance by God (it can even be a curse, cf. Gal. 3:13).
It is still God's will for believers because it is God's self-revelation (cf. Matt. 5:17-19, Paul often quotes the OT to convict and/or encourage believers). It functions in sanctification, not justification!
Believers are informed by the OT (cf. Rom. 4:23-24; 15:4; 1 Cor. 10:6,11), but not saved by the OT (cf. Acts 15; Romans 4; Galatians 3; the book of Hebrews).
It functions in the New Covenant to:
show sinfulness (cf. Gal. 3:15-29)
guide redeemed mankind in society
inform Christian ethical decisions
It is this theological spectrum related to the Law, from cursing (cf. Gal. 3:10-13) and passing away to blessing and permanency that causes the problem in trying to understand Paul's view of the Mosaic Law. In A Man in Christ, James Stewart shows Paul's paradoxical thinking and writing:
"You would normally expect a man who was setting himself to construct a system of thought and doctrine to fix as rigidly as possible the meanings of the terms he employed. You would expect him to aim at precision in the phraseology of his leading ideas. You would demand that a word, once used by your writer in a particular sense, should bear that sense throughout. But to look for this from Paul is to be disappointed. Much of his phraseology is fluid, not rigid. . . 'The law is holy' he writes, 'I delight in the law of God after the inward man' (cf. Rom. 7:12,22) but it is clearly another aspect of nomos that makes him say elsewhere, 'Christ had redeemed us from the curse of the law' (cf. Gal. 3:13)" (p. 26).
From 2 Cor. 3:7-11, Paul discusses Exod. 34:23-35. In v. 13 he compares the OT vs. NT using Moses' veil
Paul makes several comparisons between Moses' covenant and Jesus' covenant.
the Lord of Exodus = the Spirit of Jesus
only Moses could approach God intimately versus all believers in Christ can approach God
Moses' glory faded versus Jesus' glory never fades
Moses' followers cannot see Christ in the OT versus Jesus' followers through the Spirit can correctly interpret the OT in light of Christ
Moses brought the bondage of performance versus Christ brings the freedom of grace
the letter of the Mosaic Law brings death versus the Spirit of the New Covenant brings life, life eternal, life abundant
Moses' covenant was unable to produce a righteous people versus Jesus' covenant does produce righteous people (both objectively in justification and subjectively in sanctification),
From the theological outline of the book of Hebrews, one can clearly see the superiority of the NT over the OT, especially3:1-4:13; 4:4-5:10
Heb. 1:1-3
Heb. 1:4-2:18
Heb. 3:1-4:13;
4:14-5:10
Heb. 6:13-7:28
Heb. 5:11-6:12
Heb. 8:1-10:18
Heb. 10:19-13:25 Superiority of the Son over the prophets
Superiority of the Son over the angels
Superiority of the Son over the Mosaic Covenant
Superiority of the Son over the Aaronic Priesthood
Superiority of the believing Jews over the unbelieving Jews
Superiority of the Son over the procedures of the Mosaic Covenant
Superiority of the Son advocated and revealed in believers
For me, there are several main texts that drive my understanding of the relationship between the two Covenants of YHWH (listed at II. C.). Thank God for His self-revelation through Abraham and his descendants; Jesus has fulfilled and over flowed this revelation. He has opened the door for all people. Now we must view the OT through the lens of Jesus' ultimate revelation. The NT is not about Israel, but about Jesus! Neither Jesus or any Apostles reaffirm an OT national promise to Israel!
THE MOSAIC LAW AND THE CHRISTIAN
The Mosaic Law is inspired Scripture and is eternal (cf. Matt. 5:17-19).
The Law as a way of salvation is void and has always been, but mankind had to see that his/her own efforts were futile (cf. Matt. 5:20, 48; Rom. 7:7-12; Gal. 3:1ff; James 2:10).
The gospel of Christ is the only way to God (cf. John 14:6; Rom. 3:21; Gal. 2:15-21; Heb. 8:12).
The Old Testament is still helpful to believers as God's will for humans in society (esp. "The Ten Words"), but not as the way of salvation (i.e., it functions in sanctification but not in justification). The cultus of Israel (sacrificial system, holy days, civic and religious laws) has passed away but God still speaks through the OT. The stipulations mentioned in Acts 15:20 refer only to fellowship issues, not to salvation.
The crucial texts about the OT and its relationship to NT believers are
the Jerusalem Council of Acts 15
the theological summary of the gospel message in Galatians 3
the comparison of the Mosaic Covenant (OT) with the New Covenant of Jesus (NT) in the book of Hebrews.
a. Heb. 1:1-3
b. Heb. 1:4-2:18
c. Heb. 3:1-4:13; 4:14-5:10
d. Heb. 6:13-7:28
e. Heb. 5:11-6:12
f. Heb. 8:1-10:18
g. Heb. 10:19-13:25 Superiority of the Son over the prophets
Superiority of the Son over the angels
Superiority of the Son over the Mosaic Covenant
Superiority of the Son over the Aaronic Priesthood
Superiority of the believing Jews over the unbelieving Jews
Superiority of the Son over the procedures of the Mosaic Covenant
Superiority of the Son advocated and revealed in believers
Mosaic Law -- Special Topic by Dr. Bob Utley, professor of hermeneutics (retired).
www.freebiblecommentary.org