I have a question for you
Why was Jesus baptized?
He had no sins to confess
baptó G911 [to dip]
baptizó G907 [to baptize]
baptismos G909 [baptizing]
baptisma G908 [baptism]
baptistés G910 [Baptist, Baptizer]
A. The Meaning of bapto and baptizo. bapto, "to dip in or under," "to dye," "to immerse," "to sink," "to drown," "to bathe," "wash." The NT uses bapto only in the literal sense, e.g., "to dip" (Luk_16:24), "to dye" (Rev_19:13), and baptizo only in a cultic sense, mostly "to baptize."
B. Religious Washings in Hellenism.
1. The General Facts. Sacral baths are found in the Eleusinian cults, in Egyptian religion, in Isis worship, and in the mysteries. Baptisms of blood are post-Christian.
2. baptizein in Sacral and Similar Contexts. This usage is rare; it may be found in some papyri, Plutarch, and the Hermetic writings, but not in any technical sense.
3. The Meaning of the Rites. One underlying theme is that of washing and cleansing. Various liquids, including water, may be used to wash away uncleanness before God. Water, however, gives life, and hence another theme is vivification by way of symbolic drowning, e.g., in the Nile; the drowning connects one who drowns with the god and thus confers divinity. Yet the idea of purification is predominant, though this is cultic, not moral, and thus comes under criticism, e.g., from Plato, Philo, and Josephus. It must be stressed, of course, that the term baptizein itself has no great cultic significance.
C. baptizein in the OT and Judaism. In the LXX baptein (baptizein occurs only in 2Ki 5:14) is used for "to dip" in Jdg_2:14; Joh_3:15; Lev_4:6; Lev_11:32. Naaman's baptizein becomes a technical term for lustrations (cf. Jdt_12:7). It then comes to be used for the washing of proselytes, though it is hard to say when this practice originated; it seems intrinsically unlikely that it would have started after Christian baptism. Like other lustrations it is a continuation of the OT rites of purification, which are cultic but not magical, having the legal goal of ritual purity. A proselyte is put in a new position and from this point must keep the law. There is no thought here of death and regeneration, and the Hebrew term ʽtbl) behind baptizein does not signify sinking, drowning, or perishing.
D. The Baptism of John. This baptism (Mar_1:4 ff.; Joh_1:25 ff.; Act_1:5; Act_11:16, etc .) is a powerful messianic awakening from which Christianity springs. As presented in the Gospels it does not seem to be a child of Near Eastern syncretism. The nearest analogies are in Judaism, especially proselyte baptism. Like this, John's baptism makes great demands on the elect people. Unlike it, it has a more urgent ethical and eschatological thrust. John is preparing the people for God's imminent coming. His baptism is an initiatory rite for the gathering of the messianic community. He himself actively baptizes, so that the passive use of baptizein now becomes more common than the middle found elsewhere. Cleansing, connected with repentance, is the main point, with a suggestion of purification for the coming aeon. The contrast with the baptism of the Spirit and fire shows that there is at least some influence of the idea of life-giving inundation, but the eschatological dimension rules out individualistic death and regeneration.
E. Christian Baptism.
1. Jesus lets himself be baptized but does not himself baptize (cf. Joh_3:22; Joh_4:2). The sinlessness of Jesus does not exclude his baptism (Mat_3:14-15) since his concept of messiahship includes identification with sinners (cf. Joh_1:29). If Jesus does not personally baptize, he endorses John's baptism (Mar_11:30) but with a focus on his own death as a "being baptized" (Mar_10:38-39) (cf. the OT figure in Psa_42:7; Psa_69:1; Isa_43:2; Ca. 8:7).
2. Christian baptism is practiced from the very first (Act_2:38 ff.). This is not just because John's disciples come into the church. It plainly rests on a command of the risen Lord irrespective of critical objections to Mat_28:18; Mat_28:20.
3. Syntactically baptizein is linked with baptisma in Act_19:4. The means is expressed by the dative (Mar_1:8 : water; Mar_1:8 : the Holy Spirit, or en, "in" (Mat_3:11 etc.), and once eis (Mar_1:9). The goal is normally expressed by eis, "unto" (i.e., "for") or "into," as in Mat_3:11; Gal_3:27, etc. "Into" Christ, or the triune name, is not mystical but has a more legal flavor (cf. the commercial use of "in the name" for "to the account" and the invocation and confession of Christ's name in baptism [Act_22:16; cf. Act_19:3]).
4. The Saving Significance of Baptism into Christ. The goal of baptism is eternal life, but not primarily by way of vivification. In spite of 1Pe_3:20-21; Joh_3:5-6; Tit_3:5, the thought of the cleansing bath is more fundamental (1Co_6:11; Eph_5:26; Heb_10:22). Biblical piety rules out magical evaluations of 44religious objects and actions. Hence baptism has no purely external efficacy and in itself is unimportant (1Co_1:17; Heb_9:9-10; 1Pe_3:21). As the action of God or Christ, it derives its force from God's reconciling work or Christ's atoning death (1Co_6:11; Eph_5:25-26; Tit_3:4-5). It places us objectively in Christ and removes us from the sphere of death (Adam). Imputed righteousness impels us to ethical renewal, for forensic justification (in Paul) leads on to spiritual fellowship with Christ; only a distinction of thought, but no real leap or transition is demanded. Baptism is participation in Christ's death and resurrection which effects a transition to the new creation, though translation into the reality of the present aeon is still a task. Paul may well have taken over the current terminology of the mysteries here, but the content, i.e., the historical relationship, the eschatological new creation, and non-mystical justification, is different. With Christ's death, baptism has a once-for-all character. What we have is more a Christ metaphysics than a Christ mysticism, and if there are spiritual connections there is no magical transformation of human nature. 1Co_10:1 ff. combats a materialistic (as distinct from an objective) view, and while 1Co_15:29 seems to suggest a baptism for the dead, this is probably a tactical argument, or even an allusion to some non-Christian practice in the mysteries. The close connection with Christ's death and resurrection is mostly found in Paul, but the connection with the gift of the Spirit is common to Christian thinking. The Spirit may be given prior to baptism (Act_10:44-45), but more often at or after baptism. The link with forgiveness and the ethical element remain, as in John's relating of baptism to regeneration (Joh_3:5; cf. Tit_3:5), since this still stresses faith and retains the connection with salvation history. Infant baptism, which cannot be supported from NT examples, makes sense within this objective interpretation but represents a departure from apostolic Christianity when linked with the later hyperphysical rather than eschatological-christological views.
F. Baptism as a Syncretistic Mystery. After NT days the eschatological context ceased to be a leaven and was treated as an appendage. In consequence baptism tended to become a syncretistic mystery with a primary stress on the matter (Ignatius, Barnabas, Tertullian), the rite (Didache, Hermas), the institutional ministry (Ignatius, Tertullian), the timing (either postponement or in earliest infancy), and the question of second repentance for serious postbaptismal sin.
baptisms, baptisma. "Immersion" or "baptism"; baptismos denotes only the act, baptisma (not found outside the NT) the institution. baptismoi in Mar_7:4 are Levitical purifications and in Heb_6:2 all kinds of lustrations. baptisma is the specific term for John's baptism (Mat_3:7; Mar_11:30; Luk_7:29; Act_1:22; Act_10:37), which is a baptism of repentance for the remission of sins (Mar_1:4); it is also a term for Christian baptism, which is connected with Christ's death in Rom_6:4 and with the atonement in 1Pe_3:21, and is a basis of unity in Eph_4:5. Christ's death is itself his baptisma in Mar_10:38-39; Luk_12:50. As a special term, perhaps coined in the NT, baptisma shows us that Christian baptism is regarded as new and unique.
baptisms. The nickname for John in Mat_3:1; Mar_6:25; Luk_7:20, etc., apparently coined for him, and thus showing that his appearing as the messianic precursor was unique, a baptizer being indispensable for a baptism to which the word gives its content. (Josephus uses the term for John; the mysteries speak of baptisms by gods and priests, but rabbinic disciples at proselyte baptisms are only witnesses.)
[A. OEPKE]