Correct.
Romans 10 provides more detail than most chapters, but it is representative of the whole Gospel, the power of the Gospel, and how sinners are saved. Paul summed it up in Acts 16:31: Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ, and thou shalt be saved, and thy house.
And yes, we do not develop any doctrine on the basis of just one verse or passage, although if it is consistent with Gospel truth, it would be valid.
Why do you say it is representative of the Whole Gospel? To me it seems like you might as well throw the rest of the Gospel in the trash under this philosophy. From this view point, there should be the Old Testament and then the New Testament should only contain Romans 10 and show how Christ fulfilled the Messianic Prophecies. I guess Jesus Christ and the Apostles were just rambling about all that other stuff they said.
Let us also remember that the Ancient Israelites believed that there is Salvation on Earth (which one can fall from) and eternal Salvation in Heaven. Its my belief that Romans 10 is in reference to the early Christian Catechumens.
While the New Testament mentions "Saved" on many different occasions, it is likely that, in many of those occasions it is referring to Salvation on Earth.
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