List of Totally and Partially Omitted Passages in the Modern Translations

[Netchaplain]

These need to be referenced with a modern translation by comparing them.


Totally Omitted Passages
Matthew 17:21
Matthew 18:11
Mat 23:14
Mark 7:16
Mark 9:44
Mark 9:46
Mark 11:26
Mark 15:28
Luke 23:17
Acts 24:7


List of omitted Bible phrases
3 Matthew 1:25
4 Matthew 5:22
5 Matthew 5:44
6 Matthew 6:4
7 Matthew 6:6
8 Matthew 6:13
9 Matthew 6:18
10 Matthew 9:13
11 Matthew 15:8
12 Matthew 15:6
13 Matthew 16:3
14 Matthew 16:20
15 Matthew 18:35
16 Matthew 19:9
17 Matthew 19:17
18 Matthew 20:7
19 Matthew 20:16
20 Matthew 20:22, 23
21 Matthew 21:12
22 Matthew 22:13
23 Matthew 23:4
24 Matthew 23:8
25 Matthew 23:19
26 Matthew 24:7
27 Matthew 25:13
28 Matthew 26:28
29 Matthew 26:60
30 Matthew 27:24
31 Matthew 27:35
32 Matthew 27:64
33 Matthew 28:2
34 Matthew 28:6
35 Matthew 28:9
36 Mark 1:2
37 Mark 1:14
38 Mark 1:31
39 Mark 3:15
40 Mark 4:24
41 Mark 5:36
42 Mark 6:33
43 Mark 6:11
44 Mark 6:51
45 Mark 7:8
46 Mark 8:26
47 Mark 9:23
48 Mark 9:29
49 Mark 9:45
50 Mark 9:49
51 Mark 10:21
52 Mark 10:24
53 Mark 11:10
54 Mark 12:23
55 Mark 12:29-30
56 Mark 12:33
57 Mark 13:8
58 Mark 13:33
59 Mark 13:14
60 Mark 14:22
61 Mark 14:27
62 Mark 14:68
63 Mark 14:70
64 Luke 1:28
65 Luke 2:33
66 Luke 2:40
67 Luke 2:43
68 Luke 4:8
69 Luke 4:4
70 Luke 4:18
71 Luke 4:41
72 Luke 5:38
73 Luke 6:10
74 Luke 7:31
75 Luke 8:43
76 Luke 8:48
77 Luke 8:54
78 Luke 9:10
79 Luke 9:54
80 Luke 9:55
81 Luke 9:56
82 Luke 9:57
83 Luke 10:19
84 Luke 11:2
85 Luke 11:11
86 Luke 11:29
87 Luke 11:44
88 Luke 11:54
89 Luke 12:31
90 Luke 12:39
91 Luke 17:3
92 Luke 17:9
93 Luke 18:24
94 Luke 19:45
95 Luke 20:13
96 Luke 20:30
97 Luke 20:33
98 Luke 21:4
99 Luke 22:31
100 Luke 22:64
101 Luke 22:68
102 Luke 23:23
103 Luke 23:38
104 Luke 23:42
105 Luke 24:1
106 Luke 24:42
107 Luke 24:49
108 Luke 24:53
109 John 1:14
110 John 1:18
111 John 1:27
112 John 3:13
113 John 3:15
114 John 3:16
115 John 4:42
116 John 5:16
117 John 6:11
118 John 6:47
119 John 8:9
120 John 8:59
121 John 9:35
122 John 11:41
123 John 12:1
124 John 16:16
125 John 17:12
126 John 19:16
127 John 20:29
128 Acts 2:30
129 Acts 2:31
130 Acts 3:11
131 Acts 3:26
132 Acts 7:30
133 Acts 7:37
134 Acts 9:5,6
135 Acts 10:6
136 Acts 9:29
137 Acts 10:21
138 Acts 10:30
139 Acts 15:18
140 Acts 15:24
141 Acts 15:37
142 Acts 16:31
143 Acts 17:5
144 Acts 18:17
145 Acts 18:21
146 Acts 20:15
147 Acts 20:24
148 Acts 20:25
149 Acts 20:32
150 Acts 21:8
151 Acts 21:22
152 Acts 21:25
153 Acts 22:9
154 Acts 23:9
155 Acts 24:6
156 Acts 24:8
157 Acts 24:15
158 Acts 24:26
159 Acts 25:16
160 Acts 26:30
161 Acts 28:16
162 Romans 1:16
163 Romans 8:1
164 Romans 9:28
165 Romans 10:15
166 Romans 11:6
167 Romans 13:9
168 Romans 14:6
169 Romans 14:21
170 Romans 15:29
171 1 Corinthians 2:4
172 1 Corinthians 4:6
173 1 Corinthians 6:20
174 1 Corinthians 7:29
175 1 Corinthians 10:28
176 1 Corinthians 11:24
177 1 Corinthians 11:29
178 1 Corinthians 15:47
179 1 Corinthians 16:22-23
180 2 Corinthians 4:4
181 2 Corinthians 4:10
182 Galatians 3:1
183 Galatians 4:7
184 Galatians 5:21
185 Galatians 6:15
186 Ephesians 3:9
187 Ephesians 3:14
188 Ephesians 5:30
189 Ephesians 6:10
190 Philippians 3:16
191 Colossians 1:2
192 Colossians 1:14
193 Colossians 2:2
194 Colossians 2:18
195 Colossians 3:6
196 1 Thessalonians 1:1
197 1 Thessalonians 5:27
198 2 Thessalonians 1:8
199 1 Timothy 3:16
200 1 Timothy 4:12
201 1 Timothy 5:16
202 1 Timothy 6:5
203 2 Timothy 1:11
204 2 Timothy 2:9
205 2 Timothy 4:22
206 Philemon 1:12
207 Titus 1:4
208 Hebrews 1:3
209 Hebrews 2:7
210 Hebrews 7:21
211 Hebrews 10:9
212 Hebrews 10:30
213 Hebrews 10:34
214 Hebrews 11:11
215 Hebrews 11:37
216 Hebrews 12:20
217 1 Peter 1:22
218 1 Peter 4:1
219 1 Peter 4:14
220 1 Peter 5:5
221 1 Peter 5:10-11
222 2 Peter 1:21
223 2 Peter 2:17
224 2 Peter 3:10
225 1 John 1:7
226 1 John 2:7
227 1 John 4:3
228 1 John 4:9
229 1 John 4:19
230 1 John 5:7,8
231 1 John 5:13
232 2 John 1:9
233 Jude 1:25
234 Revelation 1:8
235 Revelation 1:11
236 Revelation 1:20
237 Revelation 2:13
238 Revelation 2:15
239 Revelation 5:14
240 Revelation 6:1,3,5,7
241 Revelation 11:17
242 Revelation 12:12
243 Revelation 12:17
244 Revelation 14:5
245 Revelation 15:2
246 Revelation 16:17
247 Revelation 18:20
248 Revelation 20:9
249 Revelation 20:12
250 Revelation 21:24
251 Revelation 22:19

 

[GISMYS_7]

Count the cost (eternity in the lake of fire) of being one that helps satan plant seeds of doubt concerning theTRUTH of God's eternal living Word!!!

 

[Deborah_]

What these lists never tell you is that the vast majority of the "omitted" phrases and verses are actually duplicated elsewhere in the Bible - especially in the Gospels. So you will find them in the newer Bible translations - just not necessarily in all the places where you expect them to be.

So for example, the "missing" words from Romans 8:1 are to be found in Romans 8:4.

 

[Netchaplain]

Count the cost (eternity in the lake of fire) of being one that helps satan plant seeds of doubt concerning theTRUTH of God's eternal living Word!!!

Thanks for the reply! Ok, who are you referring to?

 

[Netchaplain]

What these lists never tell you is that the vast majority of the "omitted" phrases and verses are actually duplicated elsewhere in the Bible - especially in the Gospels. So you will find them in the newer Bible translations - just not necessarily in all the places where you expect them to be.

So for example, the "missing" words from Romans 8:1 are to be found in Romans 8:4.

Yes, but they are "reiterations" for our encouragement. God has to often repeat Himself for us! Besides, it's still God's Word they are attempting to corrupt; thus you won't be reading all of God's Word, but lacking much inspired words, for all the modern translations from the Minority Text manuscripts are lacking the entire Word (Mat 4:4). I think most are unconcerned about the Word anyway. Either they really don't see this problem or they do, and are not that concerned with it (because they don't read the Word much anyway).

 

[Deborah_]

Yes, but they are "reiterations" for our encouragement. God has to often repeat Himself for us! Besides, it's still God's Word they are attempting to corrupt; thus you won't be reading all of God's Word, but lacking much inspired words, for all the modern translations from the Minority Text manuscripts are lacking the entire Word (Mat 4:4). I think most are unconcerned about the Word anyway. Either they really don't see this problem or they do, and are not that concerned with it (because they don't read the Word much anyway).

I don't find this logical.
The more familiar one is with the Scriptures, surely the less of a problem it is when a phrase or sentence isn't repeated quite so many times.
I read God's Word (NIV) a great deal, and I've never found these "missing" bits a problem, because I can still read them in my Bible! Since they are still there to be read, what is the problem? Honestly, I don't see one. If it exists, it's minuscule compared to the difficulties of the archaic language of the KJV.

 

[CadyandZoe]

These need to be referenced with a modern translation by comparing them.


Totally Omitted Passages
Matthew 17:21
Matthew 18:11
Mat 23:14
Mark 7:16
Mark 9:44
Mark 9:46
Mark 11:26
Mark 15:28
Luke 23:17
Acts 24:7


List of omitted Bible phrases
3 Matthew 1:25
4 Matthew 5:22
5 Matthew 5:44
6 Matthew 6:4
7 Matthew 6:6
8 Matthew 6:13
9 Matthew 6:18
10 Matthew 9:13
11 Matthew 15:8
12 Matthew 15:6
13 Matthew 16:3
14 Matthew 16:20
15 Matthew 18:35
16 Matthew 19:9
17 Matthew 19:17
18 Matthew 20:7
19 Matthew 20:16
20 Matthew 20:22, 23
21 Matthew 21:12
22 Matthew 22:13
23 Matthew 23:4
24 Matthew 23:8
25 Matthew 23:19
26 Matthew 24:7
27 Matthew 25:13
28 Matthew 26:28
29 Matthew 26:60
30 Matthew 27:24
31 Matthew 27:35
32 Matthew 27:64
33 Matthew 28:2
34 Matthew 28:6
35 Matthew 28:9
36 Mark 1:2
37 Mark 1:14
38 Mark 1:31
39 Mark 3:15
40 Mark 4:24
41 Mark 5:36
42 Mark 6:33
43 Mark 6:11
44 Mark 6:51
45 Mark 7:8
46 Mark 8:26
47 Mark 9:23
48 Mark 9:29
49 Mark 9:45
50 Mark 9:49
51 Mark 10:21
52 Mark 10:24
53 Mark 11:10
54 Mark 12:23
55 Mark 12:29-30
56 Mark 12:33
57 Mark 13:8
58 Mark 13:33
59 Mark 13:14
60 Mark 14:22
61 Mark 14:27
62 Mark 14:68
63 Mark 14:70
64 Luke 1:28
65 Luke 2:33
66 Luke 2:40
67 Luke 2:43
68 Luke 4:8
69 Luke 4:4
70 Luke 4:18
71 Luke 4:41
72 Luke 5:38
73 Luke 6:10
74 Luke 7:31
75 Luke 8:43
76 Luke 8:48
77 Luke 8:54
78 Luke 9:10
79 Luke 9:54
80 Luke 9:55
81 Luke 9:56
82 Luke 9:57
83 Luke 10:19
84 Luke 11:2
85 Luke 11:11
86 Luke 11:29
87 Luke 11:44
88 Luke 11:54
89 Luke 12:31
90 Luke 12:39
91 Luke 17:3
92 Luke 17:9
93 Luke 18:24
94 Luke 19:45
95 Luke 20:13
96 Luke 20:30
97 Luke 20:33
98 Luke 21:4
99 Luke 22:31
100 Luke 22:64
101 Luke 22:68
102 Luke 23:23
103 Luke 23:38
104 Luke 23:42
105 Luke 24:1
106 Luke 24:42
107 Luke 24:49
108 Luke 24:53
109 John 1:14
110 John 1:18
111 John 1:27
112 John 3:13
113 John 3:15
114 John 3:16
115 John 4:42
116 John 5:16
117 John 6:11
118 John 6:47
119 John 8:9
120 John 8:59
121 John 9:35
122 John 11:41
123 John 12:1
124 John 16:16
125 John 17:12
126 John 19:16
127 John 20:29
128 Acts 2:30
129 Acts 2:31
130 Acts 3:11
131 Acts 3:26
132 Acts 7:30
133 Acts 7:37
134 Acts 9:5,6
135 Acts 10:6
136 Acts 9:29
137 Acts 10:21
138 Acts 10:30
139 Acts 15:18
140 Acts 15:24
141 Acts 15:37
142 Acts 16:31
143 Acts 17:5
144 Acts 18:17
145 Acts 18:21
146 Acts 20:15
147 Acts 20:24
148 Acts 20:25
149 Acts 20:32
150 Acts 21:8
151 Acts 21:22
152 Acts 21:25
153 Acts 22:9
154 Acts 23:9
155 Acts 24:6
156 Acts 24:8
157 Acts 24:15
158 Acts 24:26
159 Acts 25:16
160 Acts 26:30
161 Acts 28:16
162 Romans 1:16
163 Romans 8:1
164 Romans 9:28
165 Romans 10:15
166 Romans 11:6
167 Romans 13:9
168 Romans 14:6
169 Romans 14:21
170 Romans 15:29
171 1 Corinthians 2:4
172 1 Corinthians 4:6
173 1 Corinthians 6:20
174 1 Corinthians 7:29
175 1 Corinthians 10:28
176 1 Corinthians 11:24
177 1 Corinthians 11:29
178 1 Corinthians 15:47
179 1 Corinthians 16:22-23
180 2 Corinthians 4:4
181 2 Corinthians 4:10
182 Galatians 3:1
183 Galatians 4:7
184 Galatians 5:21
185 Galatians 6:15
186 Ephesians 3:9
187 Ephesians 3:14
188 Ephesians 5:30
189 Ephesians 6:10
190 Philippians 3:16
191 Colossians 1:2
192 Colossians 1:14
193 Colossians 2:2
194 Colossians 2:18
195 Colossians 3:6
196 1 Thessalonians 1:1
197 1 Thessalonians 5:27
198 2 Thessalonians 1:8
199 1 Timothy 3:16
200 1 Timothy 4:12
201 1 Timothy 5:16
202 1 Timothy 6:5
203 2 Timothy 1:11
204 2 Timothy 2:9
205 2 Timothy 4:22
206 Philemon 1:12
207 Titus 1:4
208 Hebrews 1:3
209 Hebrews 2:7
210 Hebrews 7:21
211 Hebrews 10:9
212 Hebrews 10:30
213 Hebrews 10:34
214 Hebrews 11:11
215 Hebrews 11:37
216 Hebrews 12:20
217 1 Peter 1:22
218 1 Peter 4:1
219 1 Peter 4:14
220 1 Peter 5:5
221 1 Peter 5:10-11
222 2 Peter 1:21
223 2 Peter 2:17
224 2 Peter 3:10
225 1 John 1:7
226 1 John 2:7
227 1 John 4:3
228 1 John 4:9
229 1 John 4:19
230 1 John 5:7,8
231 1 John 5:13
232 2 John 1:9
233 Jude 1:25
234 Revelation 1:8
235 Revelation 1:11
236 Revelation 1:20
237 Revelation 2:13
238 Revelation 2:15
239 Revelation 5:14
240 Revelation 6:1,3,5,7
241 Revelation 11:17
242 Revelation 12:12
243 Revelation 12:17
244 Revelation 14:5
245 Revelation 15:2
246 Revelation 16:17
247 Revelation 18:20
248 Revelation 20:9
249 Revelation 20:12
250 Revelation 21:24
251 Revelation 22:19

Maybe they should have been omitted.

 

[Netchaplain]

I don't find this logical.
The more familiar one is with the Scriptures, surely the less of a problem it is when a phrase or sentence isn't repeated quite so many times.
I read God's Word (NIV) a great deal, and I've never found these "missing" bits a problem, because I can still read them in my Bible! Since they are still there to be read, what is the problem? Honestly, I don't see one. If it exists, it's minuscule compared to the difficulties of the archaic language of the KJV.

There are hundreds of passages missing the Word of God in all the modern translations (except the NKJV). The only issue is that do not contain the entirety of the Word. It should bring a learned reader to mush alarm (Mt 4:4); the omissions are the worse corruption; but they also have a lot of transpositions (rearranging of words) and interpolations (adding of words).

A good example of an interpolation is Luke 2:14 which is suppose to read "Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men." This reading wishes "good will" to all people.

The modern translation has "Glory to God in the highest heaven, and on earth peace to those on whom his favor rests.” It's obvious that this reading limits the wish to only certain people; and there are many of such passages that are piece-fed to unaware readers. This is an interpolation, of which there are many in all the modern translations.

 

[Netchaplain]

Maybe they should have been omitted.

It's a very serious scholarly offense (MT 4:4).

 

[Rockerduck]

John 4:52 was changed too. 7 pm is changed to 1 pm. 7 is the number of God's completion. The apostle John put it there on purpose; John used Roman time.

 

[CadyandZoe]

It's a very serious scholarly offense (MT 4:4).

Maybe, maybe not. When documents are copied by hand, mistakes happen. Verses can be left out or added. If a copiest added a verse, then it is right to remove it. Right?

 

[Netchaplain]

Maybe, maybe not. When documents are copied by hand, mistakes happen. Verses can be left out or added. If a copiest added a verse, then it is right to remove it. Right?

The Majority Text doesn't use manuscripts that have missing Scripture.

 

[CadyandZoe]

The Majority Text doesn't use manuscripts that have missing Scripture.

On what basis do you decide that scripture is "missing"? As I said earlier, concerning the process of transcription, there are two ways to make a mistake: adding words, or leaving words out.

One text family might have words that other text families don't. Does that mean that one text family left out some of the original words? Not necessarily.

You need to recognize 'clickbait' tactics. Don't be impressed by emotional appeals like the following. "Oh NO!" Modern translations have left out some verses!!!!

If Textual Criticism interests you, then learn the issues, challenges, and techniques behind the process.

With regard to truth, there is no such thing as majority rule.

 

[Rockerduck]

400 years of using the KJV, thousands of preachers used the KJV in church's around the world. All through the revivals and the great revival of the 1800's. None of the words were omitted or added and millions are saved. Charles Spurgeon and Billy Graham used it,, George Whitfield traveled across the USA starting churches and seminaries to train preachers all using the KJV. John Wesley, and Jonathan Edwards preached powerful sermons from the KJV. It has proved that God has blessed this King James bible for use around the world for missionaries too. All the old and doctrinal hymns were written based on the KJV. Holy Holy Holy from Rev. 4:8 is still popular.
I'm not a KJV only guy, but I can recognize that God has purposed it for our use.

 

[Netchaplain]

On what basis do you decide that scripture is "missing"? As I said earlier, concerning the process of transcription, there are two ways to make a mistake: adding words, or leaving words out.

One text family might have words that other text families don't. Does that mean that one text family left out some of the original words? Not necessarily.

The third mistake is interpolating and transposing Scripture, which the three corrupted ancient copies often do; and this dramatically changes the intended thought line of the original writers of Scripture. I believe most Christians are not going to find this OP very interesting, because many do not read much of the Word.

But that's ok if one is not concerned about which translation (doesn't effect salvation), but missing encouraging and instructional Scripture will keep the avid reader from spiritual growth, not seeing a great deal of Scripture. It's only when we read and also study the entire Word (Mat 4:4) that we gain the most from our new man.

 

[Netchaplain]

400 years of using the KJV, thousands of preachers used the KJV in church's around the world. All through the revivals and the great revival of the 1800's. None of the words were omitted or added and millions are saved. Charles Spurgeon and Billy Graham used it,, George Whitfield traveled across the USA starting churches and seminaries to train preachers all using the KJV. John Wesley, and Jonathan Edwards preached powerful sermons from the KJV. It has proved that God has blessed this King James bible for use around the world for missionaries too. All the old and doctrinal hymns were written based on the KJV. Holy Holy Holy from Rev. 4:8 is still popular.
I'm not a KJV only guy, but I can recognize that God has purposed it for our use.

Hi, and like all you said here, and appreciate you presenting your opinion and desire! The reason why there are so many KJV-only believers is because they may not be familiar with other translations that use the same source as the KJ (some examples: Young's Literal Translation; Webster's Translation, Tyndale Translation of the NT). Plus it's a surety that the KJV and NKJV follow the same text of the Majority Text for the last nearly 600 years now.

 

[CadyandZoe]

The third mistake is interpolating and transposing Scripture, which the three corrupted ancient copies often do; and this dramatically changes the intended thought line of the original writers of Scripture. I believe most Christians are not going to find this OP very interesting, because many do not read much of the Word.

But that's ok if one is not concerned about which translation (doesn't effect salvation), but missing encouraging and instructional Scripture will keep the avid reader from spiritual growth, not seeing a great deal of Scripture. It's only when we read and also study the entire Word (Mat 4:4) that we gain the most from our new man.

How do you know it changes the meaning intended by the author. Shouldn't we first determine what is original?

 

[Netchaplain]

How do you know it changes the meaning intended by the author. Shouldn't we first determine what is original?

It is obvious to one who reads and studies the Word often (not suspecting you of this since I don't know you).

 

[CadyandZoe]

It is obvious to one who reads and studies the Word often (not suspecting you of this since I don't know you).

What I mean is this. We have thousands of manuscripts. Some of them are complete, others are partial. Now, if one were to compare them all, one to another, then one would find variations in "reading." These are called "variants." Out of all the variants found in the New Testament, for instance, no variants would change doctrine. Most of the variants are simple word order changes like, "Jesus Christ our Lord" or "Our Lord Jesus Christ." Variants of this sort do not affect doctrine.

None of the verses are "missing," though they remain untranslated. Scholars examine the variants to decide which ones are most likely to be original. These variants are translated. The Variants that are deemed less likely to be original remain untranslated.

But they are not lost. All Greek editions of the New Testament contain all the variants. The Variants deemed less likely to be original are footnoted. Nothing is lost; nothing is missing. Anyone who wants to gain access to the so-called "missing" verses can find them.

This whole debate started with a book called, "The Hidden Dangers of the Rainbow," by Constance Cumbey. Her thesis was that New Agers were rewriting our Bible to obscure Orthodox teachings concerning God and Jesus Christ. I read her book and discussed it at length with both her supporters and her detractors. Her work suffers from a lack of understanding as it pertains to textual criticism. Her book was mainly based on fear of New Age teaching and her arguments were mainly based on ad hominem attacks on the editors of "The Nestle-Aland edition" of the Greek New Testament, which forms the basis for many of the Modern Translations.

I read her book and I didn't find her arguments compelling.

 

[Netchaplain]

What I mean is this. We have thousands of manuscripts. Some of them are complete, others are partial. Now, if one were to compare them all, one to another, then one would find variations in "reading." These are called "variants." Out of all the variants found in the New Testament, for instance, no variants would change doctrine.

There are only two sources of manuscripts, and one is corrupted. The Majority Text consists of about 5000 manuscripts, which only the Traditional Texts uses for their translation. The other manuscript source is the Minority Text, which uses only a few, but ancient manuscript copies for their translations.

One sample of many corrupted passages is "Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men." This is an angels blessing to all people to have peace and good will toward all.

The corrupted translations all say “Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace among those with whom he is pleased!" This is limiting the angels blessing to only those who please God, and not to all. Pretty big mistake, which is only one of very many passages changes like this one.

Another significant change is in Jn 3:13, which is suppose to read, "no man hath ascended up to heaven, but He that came down from heaven, even the Son of Man which is in heaven." In the modern translations omit the phrase "which is in heaven," which detracts from the Deity of Christ's omnipresence, being in heaven while on earth.

"The Nestle-Aland edition" of the Greek New Testament, which forms the basis for many of the Modern Translations.

Nestle-Aland used the same corrupted manuscripts from the works of Westcott and Hort, who were occultists.

"Along with Bishop Edward White Benson, Westcott and Hort founded the Ghostly Guild. This club was designed to investigate ghosts and super- natural appearances. The club was based upon the idea that such spirits actually exist and appear to men. According to The Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsvchologv, the members of the Ghostly Club would "relate personal experiences concerned with ghosts.

This club would eventually become the Society for Psychical Research. According to James Webb in The Occult Underground and W.H. Solter, The S.P.R. - An Outline of It's History, this club became a major factor in the rise of spiritualism among the elite of English society in the late 1800's. Many leading occult figures belonged to the Society." part XI, 3rd and 4th paragraph

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