what iyo is the Second Death, in that context?
Revelation 21:8 gives the clearest rendering of who is subject to and what the Second Death is: "But cowards, unbelievers, the corrupt, murderers, the immoral, those who practice witchcraft, idol worshipers, and all liars--their fate is in the fiery lake of burning sulfur. This is the Second Death."
I believe that Jesus was referring to the Second Death judgment when He said in Matthew 10:28: "Don't be afraid of those who want to kill your body; they cannot touch your soul. Fear only God, who can destroy both soul and body in hell." The word that He uses there for "hell" is Gehenna (at other times, the Greek word,
hades is also translated as "hell" in all English translations). The English translators must have assumed that both words referred to the same place.
I'm not convinced that Gehenna and Hades (
hades = "the place of the dead"--the word in Hebrew is
sheol)
are the same place.
The word Gehenna is a transliteration of the Aramaic form of the Hebrew
ge-hinnom or "Valley of Hinnom". It is the place (just south of Jerusalem) where the ancient Jews, under the influence of their idolatrous neighbors, sacrificed their children to the Canaanite god, Molech. In the Book of Isaiah, it is called "Tophet". In Jesus' day it was a dump where the dead bodies of criminals, animals, rotting offal and other refuse was deposited. The odor was apparently so bad in the summer, that the people downwind of it would set fire to it, in the hope of eliminating some of the smell. It would burn constantly, day and night; undoubtedly an awful place. At night, it probably had the appearance of being a "Lake of Fire".
In ancient Talmudic writings,
sheol was the place where
all the souls of the dead went after death--both the righteous and the unrighteous. It was thought that sheol was divided into two separate places by a deep and wide gulf that was impossible to cross. One side was for the righteous and the other was for those who God would punish after death. The place for the righteous souls was called, "the bosom of Abraham" or "the place of comfort" and it was a place of unimaginable beauty, peace and holiness. It is thought that Jesus took those righteous souls to heaven with Him when He ascended to the Father.
The other part of sheol/hades was for the unrighteous souls and it was called "the place of punishment" for sins committed while alive. There were various levels, with the uppermost areas reserved for those receiving little punishment and deeper levels for those deserving of more punishment. Jesus refers to this differing level of punishment in Luke 12. The "place of punishment" was said to be a place of intolerable heat. Interestingly, the lowest level was said to have a gate beyond which was a path that led to "the lake of fire". When Jesus spoke to the Jewish crowds, the majority of the people, reared under the teachings of the Pharisees, would have understood Him. In the tale of "the other Lazarus" (from Luke 16:19-31) Jesus pictures all of this for His hearers.
Jesus' more subtle teaching throughout the gospels is that He, as the Messiah, the Lamb of God, would make it possible for even those who had lived the selfish and callous lives of the rich to go to heaven, based on repentance and faith in Him. In Mark 10:17-27, Jesus' disciples were startled when Jesus said that it was very difficult for a rich man to enter heaven, as they had been taught that the rich were rich because of their righteous ancestors and that they would get into heaven based on the righteousness of their antecedents. They asked Him, "Then who in the world can be saved?!" Jesus answers that "Humanly speaking, it is impossible. But not with God. Everything is possible with God." The Lake of Fire is reserved for those who refuse the mercy of God in Christ. At the Final Judgment, those who are condemned, will be resurrected only to be thrown alive into the Lake of Fire, after their trial. It could be said of them to have been resurrected only to suffer the Second Death. Even death and Hades are said to be thrown into the Lake of Fire (Revelation 20:14).
What I have often pondered is that, in spite of the teaching of churches, there are only some who are said to suffer, eternal, conscious torment in the Lake of Fire: the Antichrist, the False Prophet, Satan himself, and those who take the Mark of the Beast. The Book of Revelation tells us that they will be defiant right to the end. If we take Jesus at His word, He says that the bodies and souls of the condemned are
destroyed in the Lake of Fire. But, the Bible assures believers that they need not fear the Second Death. Praise God, "There is now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus." We serve a wonderful Savior.