State church of the Roman Empire
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Missorium of Emperor Theodosius I, who made Nicene Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire.
Nicene Christianity became the
state church of the Roman Empire with the
Edict of Thessalonica in 380 AD, when Emperor
Theodosius I made it the
Empire's sole
authorized religion.
[1][2] The
Eastern Orthodox Church,
Oriental Orthodoxy, and the
Catholic Church each claim to be the historical continuation of this church in its original form, but do not identify with it in the
caesaropapist form that it took later. Unlike
Constantine I, who with the
Edict of Milan of 313 AD had established tolerance for Christianity without placing it above other religions
[3] and whose
involvement in matters of the Christian faith extended to convoking councils of bishops who were to determine doctrine and to presiding at their meetings, but not to determining doctrine himself,
[4] Theodosius established a single Christian doctrine (specified as that professed by
Pope Damasus I of Rome and
Pope Peter II of Alexandria) as the Empire's official religion.
Earlier in the 4th century, following the
Diocletianic Persecution of 303–313 and the
Donatist controversy that arose in consequence, Constantine had convened councils of Christian bishops to define the
orthodoxy, or "correct teaching", of the Christian faith, expanding on earlier Christian councils. A series of
ecumenical councils met during the 4th and 5th centuries, but Christianity continued to suffer rifts and schisms surrounding the issues of
Arianism,
Nestorianism, and
Miaphysitism. In the 5th century the
Western Empire decayed as a
polity: invaders sacked
Rome in
410 and in
455, and
Odoacer, an Arian barbarian warlord, forced
Romulus Augustus, the last nominal Western Emperor,
to abdicate in 476. However, apart from the aforementioned schisms, the church as an institution persisted in
communion, if not without tension, between the
east and
west. In the 6th century the Byzantine armies of the
Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I recovered Italy and other sections of the western Mediterranean shore. The
Eastern Roman Empire soon lost most of these gains, but it held Rome, as part of the
Exarchate of Ravenna, until 751, a period known in
church history as the
Byzantine Papacy. The
Muslim conquests of the 7th century would begin a process of converting most of the then-Christian world in
West Asia and
North Africa to Islam, severely restricting the reach both of the
Byzantine Empire and of its church. Missionary activity directed from
Constantinople, the Byzantine capital, did not lead to a lasting expansion of the formal power of the Empire's state church, since areas outside the empire's political and military control set up their own distinct state churches, as in the case of
Bulgaria in 919.
Justinian I, who became emperor in Constantinople in 527, established the bishops of Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem – referred to[
by whom?] as the
Pentarchy – as the
leadership of the Imperial church and gave each bishop the title of "
Patriarch".